Changes

:''American efficiency is that indomitable force which neither knows nor recognises obstacles; which continues on a task once started until it is finished, even if it is a minor task; and without which serious constructive work is impossible . . . The combination of the Russian revolutionary sweep with American efficiency is the essence of Leninism.'' (Hughes 2004, 251)

:''American efficiency is that indomitable force which neither knows nor recognises obstacles; which continues on a task once started until it is finished, even if it is a minor task; and without which serious constructive work is impossible . . . The combination of the Russian revolutionary sweep with American efficiency is the essence of Leninism.'' (Hughes 2004, 251)

===Peripheral Europe===

===Peripheral Europe===

Similar developments and timing in Spain, Portugal, and Greece over the past 50 years arose from similar historical and economic backgrounds. Fordism, in terms of the modern system of mass production and consumption, came later to these semiperipheral countries than to the core countries of Western Europe. Once economic growth had brought a modern class system and [[class conflict]], vertical control through state corporatism became obsolete; in 1974-75 dictatorships ended, societal corporatism - horizontal organization - replaced state corporatism, and "socialist" governments took power. Needing middle class support and under constraints of austerity, they were much more social democratic than socialist and furthered the consolidation of corporate liberalism.<ref>Otto Holman, "Semiperipheral Fordism in Southern Europe: the National and International Context of Socialist-led Governments in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, in Historical Perspective." ''International Journal of Political Economy'' 1987-1988 17(4): 11-55. Issn: 0891-1916 Fulltext: in Ebsco</ref>

Similar developments and timing in Spain, Portugal, and Greece over the past 50 years arose from similar historical and economic backgrounds. Fordism, in terms of the modern system of mass production and consumption, came later to these semiperipheral countries than to the core countries of Western Europe. Once economic growth had brought a modern class system and [[class conflict]], vertical control through state corporatism became obsolete; in 1974-75 dictatorships ended, societal corporatism - horizontal organization - replaced state corporatism, and "socialist" governments took power. Needing middle class support and under constraints of [[Ascesis|austerity]], they were much more social democratic than socialist and furthered the consolidation of corporate liberalism.<ref>Otto Holman, "Semiperipheral Fordism in Southern Europe: the National and International Context of Socialist-led Governments in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, in Historical Perspective." ''International Journal of Political Economy'' 1987-1988 17(4): 11-55. Issn: 0891-1916 Fulltext: in Ebsco</ref>

===Australia and New Zealand===

===Australia and New Zealand===