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→Timeline of Molecular Biology Discoveries
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953
| James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule.
| James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960
| Rene Dubos works on antimicrobial agents and environmental protection F. M. Burnet and Peter B. Medawar receive Nobel Prize for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960
| "Ames Test" to screen for mutagens developed by Bruce Ames.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1961
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1961
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1961-1965
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1961-1965
| The relationship between the information contained in DNA and the structure of proteins was determined: there is a genetic code, which creates a correspondence between the succession of nucleotides in the DNA sequence and a series of amino acids in proteins. Monod and Jacob also demonstrated how certain specific proteins, called regulative proteins, latch onto DNA at the edges of the genes and control the transcription of these genes into messenger RNA; they direct the "expression" of the genes.
| The relationship between the information contained in DNA and the structure of proteins was determined: there is a genetic code, which creates a correspondence between the succession of nucleotides in the DNA sequence and a series of amino acids in proteins. Monod and Jacob also demonstrated how certain specific proteins, called regulative proteins, latch onto DNA at the edges of the genes and control the transcription of these genes into messenger RNA; they direct the "expression" of the genes.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1973
| Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, using plasmids, are the first to clone DNA.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1976
| Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus discover the cancer-causing genes, called oncogenes, and find that such genes are in normal tissues.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1978
| Daniel Nathans, H.O. Smith and Werner Arber receive Nobel Prize for using restriction enzymes to map viral genomes.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1982
| Stanley Prusiner isolates a protein from a slow disease infection and suggests that it might direct its own replication. He suggests the agent be termed a prion.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
| Luc Montagnier of France and Robert Gallo of the United States independently isolate and characterize the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of AIDS.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
| Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
| Barbara McClintock receives the Nobel Prize for discovery of mobile genetic elements.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1994
| The Food and Drug Administration approves the first genetically engineered food for human consumption, a slower ripening tomato.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995
| The Food and Drug Administration approves the first protease inhibitor, a major weapon against the progression of AIDS.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1996
| Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zindernagel receives Nobel Prize for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells.
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997
| The first complete nucleotide sequence of all of the chromosomes of eukaryote is reported (yeast).
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1999
| Forrest Doolittle proposes that evolution proceeded through horizontal gene between the three domains.
|}
|}
==See Also==
==See Also==