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Line 189:
Line 189: − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953 − | Hans Adolf Krebs discovers the biochemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism. Line 204:
Line 201: − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957 − | Daniel Bovet receives the Nobel Prize for the development of antihistamines. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1959 − | Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg receive Nobel Prize for discoveries on the synthesis ofDNA and RNA. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960 − | Rene Dubos works on antimicrobial agents and environmental protection F. M. Burnet and Peter B. Medawar receive Nobel Prize for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960 − | "Ames Test" to screen for mutagens developed by Bruce Ames. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1970 − | Hamilton Smith reports the discovery of the first restriction enzyme. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1971 − | Theodor Diener demonstrates the fundamental differences between viroids and viruses. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1973 − | Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, using plasmids, are the first to clone DNA. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1975 − | Cesar Milsein, Georges Kohler, and Niels Kai Jerne develop the technique for making monoclonal antibodies. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1976 − | Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus discover the cancer-causing genes, called oncogenes, and find that such genes are in normal tissues. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977 − | Rosalyn S. Yalow, R.C.I. Guillemin and A.V. Schally receive the Nobel Prize for developing the radioimmunossay (RIA) techniques; and using RIA to analyze peptide hormones in the brain. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1978 − | Daniel Nathans, H.O. Smith and Werner Arber receive Nobel Prize for using restriction enzymes to map viral genomes. Line 249:
Line 213: − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1982 − | Stanley Prusiner isolates a protein from a slow disease infection and suggests that it might direct its own replication. He suggests the agent be termed a prion. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983 − | Luc Montagnier of France and Robert Gallo of the United States independently isolate and characterize the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of AIDS. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983 − | Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983 − | Barbara McClintock receives the Nobel Prize for discovery of mobile genetic elements. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1984 − | Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Koehler and Niels Jerne receive the Nobel Prize for developing a method for the production of large quantities of monoclonal antibodies. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1994 − | The Food and Drug Administration approves the first genetically engineered food for human consumption, a slower ripening tomato. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995 − | The Food and Drug Administration approves the first protease inhibitor, a major weapon against the progression of AIDS. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1996 − | Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zindernagel receives Nobel Prize for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells. − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997 − | The first complete nucleotide sequence of all of the chromosomes of eukaryote is reported (yeast). Line 288:
Line 225: − |- valign="TOP" − | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1999 − | Forrest Doolittle proposes that evolution proceeded through horizontal gene between the three domains.
→Timeline of Microbiology Discoveries
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953
| James Watson , Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins determine the structure of DNA. Receive Nobel Prize in 1962.
| James Watson , Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins determine the structure of DNA. Receive Nobel Prize in 1962.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1954
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1954
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957
| D. Carlton Gajdusek demonstrates the slow infectious nature of the disease kuru, which is later shown to be caused by a prion.
| D. Carlton Gajdusek demonstrates the slow infectious nature of the disease kuru, which is later shown to be caused by a prion.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1969
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1969
| Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvadore E. Luria receive Nobel Prize for describing the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells.
| Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvadore E. Luria receive Nobel Prize for describing the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977
| Carl Woese classifies all life into three domains.
| Carl Woese classifies all life into three domains.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980
| The World Health Organization declares eradication of smallpox in the world.
| The World Health Organization declares eradication of smallpox in the world.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1987
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1987
| Susumu Tonegawa recieves Nobel Prize for work on the genetics of antibody diversity.
| Susumu Tonegawa recieves Nobel Prize for work on the genetics of antibody diversity.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995
| The first complete nucleotide sequence of a bacterial chromosome is reported (Haemophilus influenzae).
| The first complete nucleotide sequence of a bacterial chromosome is reported (Haemophilus influenzae).
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1998
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1998
| An autoimmune disease (chronic arthritis) is linked to bacterial infection.
| An autoimmune disease (chronic arthritis) is linked to bacterial infection.
|- valign="TOP"
|- valign="TOP"
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 2000
| align="RIGHT" nowrap | 2000