Changes

Since 1863 the physical appearance and moral meaning of the Gettysburg battlefield has been continually reinvented in an effort to capture the elusive sacred essence of what Weeks (2003) calls this "American shrine."   

Since 1863 the physical appearance and moral meaning of the Gettysburg battlefield has been continually reinvented in an effort to capture the elusive sacred essence of what Weeks (2003) calls this "American shrine."   

The U.S. was the first nation to establish national war cemeteries; American national cemeteries at Gettysburg and Antietam preceded by almost a decade those established in Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. As General Oliver O. Howard remarked when laying the cornerstone for the Soldiers' Monument in 1865, it was "the private volunteer" who was the "representative American soldier," and it was around this ideal figure who sacrificed his life in the name of [[Republicanism, U.S.|civic duty and republicanism]] that much of the commemorative impulse cohered. Over 900 similar monuments were built nationwide in the two decades after the war, and monumental Gettysburg, where many states built statues for their heroes, was the standard against which they were evaluated.<ref>Susan-Mary Grant, "Landscapes of Memory: Susan-Mary Grant Argues That the Cult of the Fallen Soldier Has Its Origins at Gettysburg and Other Battlefield Monuments of the American Civil War." ''History Today'' 56#3 (March 2006) pp. 18+.</ref>

The U.S. was the first nation to establish national war cemeteries; American national cemeteries at Gettysburg and Antietam preceded by almost a decade those established in Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. As General Oliver O. Howard remarked when laying the cornerstone for the Soldiers' Monument in 1865, it was "the private volunteer" who was the "representative American soldier," and it was around this ideal figure who sacrificed his life in the name of [[Republicanism, U.S.|civic duty and republicanism]] that much of the commemorative impulse cohered. Over 900 similar monuments were built nationwide in the two decades after the war, and monumental Gettysburg, where many states built statues for their heroes, was the standard against which they were evaluated.<ref>Susan-Mary Grant, "Landscapes of Memory: Susan-Mary Grant Argues That the Cult of the Fallen Soldier Has Its Origins at Gettysburg and Other Battlefield Monuments of the American Civil War." ''History Today'' 56#3 (March 2006) pp. 18+.</ref>

To the earliest genteel late 19th century visitors the battlefield was a site of contemplation. The train-loads of vacationers in the early 20th century came to Gettysburg both to marvel and to be entertained—it was Niagara Falls with added moral significance. By the 1950s, Gettysburg had mutated again, as visitors arrived not in groups but in families as part of planned vacation trips. They found in the theme parks that surrounded Gettysburg the entertainment the kids needed but found in the visitor center and the battlefield tours a way of reinforcing their patriotic faith. Today Gettysburg is a Mecca for the enthusiast, especially reanactors who costume themselves in exact replicas of 1863 clothing and gear and march and maneuver in exactly the same pattern at the soldiers of 1863. To add to authenticity they had torn down a high tower built so tourists could see the whole battlefield.<ref>see Jim Weeks ''Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine'' (2003)</ref>

To the earliest genteel late 19th century visitors the battlefield was a site of contemplation. The train-loads of vacationers in the early 20th century came to Gettysburg both to marvel and to be entertained—it was Niagara Falls with added moral significance. By the 1950s, Gettysburg had mutated again, as visitors arrived not in groups but in families as part of planned vacation trips. They found in the theme parks that surrounded Gettysburg the entertainment the kids needed but found in the visitor center and the battlefield tours a way of reinforcing their patriotic faith. Today Gettysburg is a Mecca for the enthusiast, especially reanactors who costume themselves in exact replicas of 1863 clothing and gear and march and maneuver in exactly the same pattern at the soldiers of 1863. To add to authenticity they had torn down a high tower built so tourists could see the whole battlefield.<ref>see Jim Weeks ''Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine'' (2003)</ref>

* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond''  (1994) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-day-at-gettysburg-and-beyond-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]

* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond''  (1994) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-day-at-gettysburg-and-beyond-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]

* Luvaas, Jay. ''Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg'' (1994) (U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles) [https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Gettysburg-College-Guides-Battles/dp/0700606866/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197710442&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Luvaas, Jay. ''Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg'' (1994) (U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles) [https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Gettysburg-College-Guides-Battles/dp/0700606866/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197710442&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* McPherson, James M. "To Conquer a Peace? Lee's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign." ''Civil War Times'' (2007) 46(2): 26-33. Issn: 1546-9980 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* McPherson, James M. "To Conquer a Peace? Lee's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign." ''Civil War Times'' (2007) 46(2): 26–33. Issn: 1546-9980 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: vol. 7. The Organized War, 1863-1864'' (1971)

* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: vol. 7. The Organized War, 1863-1864'' (1971)

* Nofi, Albert A. ''The Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gettysburg-campaign-june-july-1863-by-albert-a-nofi.jsp online edition]; [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-June-July-Great-Campaigns/dp/0938289837/ref=sr_1_44/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199417&sr=1-44  excerpt and text search]

* Nofi, Albert A. ''The Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gettysburg-campaign-june-july-1863-by-albert-a-nofi.jsp online edition]; [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-June-July-Great-Campaigns/dp/0938289837/ref=sr_1_44/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199417&sr=1-44  excerpt and text search]