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''For more information please see'': [[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality]]

''For more information please see'': [[Religious Upbringing and Culture Affects Rates of Homosexuality]]

Dr. Neil Whitehead is a research scientist and [[biochemistry|biochemist]] from [[New Zealand]] and his wife Briar Whitehead is a writer.<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/mygenes.html Book Review: My Genes Made Me Do It: A Scientific Look at Sexual Orientation

Dr. Neil Whitehead is a research scientist and [[biochemistry|biochemist]] from [[New Zealand]] and his wife Briar Whitehead is a writer.<ref>[https://www.mygenes.co.nz/about_us.html About Us: My Genes Made Me Do It website ]</ref> Dr. Whitehead coauthored a book with with his wife entitled ''My Genes Made Me Do it - a scientific look at sexual orientation'' which argues that there is no [[gene]]tic determinism in regards to homosexuality (homosexuals are "not born that way") and that there is abundant documentation that individuals are able to leave homosexuality and become heterosexuals.<ref>http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm</ref>  

by Neil and Briar Whitehead]</ref> Dr. Whitehead coauthored a book with with his wife entitled ''My Genes Made Me Do it - a scientific look at sexual orientation'' which argues that there is no [[gene]]tic determinism in regards to homosexuality (homosexuals are "not born that way") and that there is abundant documentation that individuals are able to leave homosexuality and become heterosexuals.<ref>http://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm</ref>  

[[File:70810564 64d3a67932.jpg|right|170px|thumb|Homosexuality appears to be rare in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]].]]

[[File:70810564 64d3a67932.jpg|right|170px|thumb|Homosexuality appears to be rare in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]].]]

Dr. Whitehead and Briar Whitehead declared:

Dr. Whitehead and Briar Whitehead declared:

=== Rates of homosexuality: Childhoods in urban vs. non-urban areas ===

=== Rates of homosexuality: Childhoods in urban vs. non-urban areas ===

In 1994, the book ''Sex in America: A definitive survey'' by Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata stated the following:

In 1994, the book ''Sex in America: A definitive survey'' by Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata stated the following:

{{Cquote|We discovered that people who were raised in large cities were more likely to be homosexual than people who were raised in suburb, towns, or the countryside. This relationship also showed up in the General Social Survey, an independent national sample.<ref>[http://www.ucmpage.org/articles/jmiles9.html Sex in America: A definitive survey, Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata, Boston, Little, Brown, 1994, page 182]</ref>}}

{{Cquote|We discovered that people who were raised in large cities were more likely to be homosexual than people who were raised in suburb, towns, or the countryside. This relationship also showed up in the General Social Survey, an independent national sample.<ref>''Sex in America: A definitive survey'' by Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata, Boston, Little, Brown, 1994, page 182</ref>}}

The aforementioned authors Dr. Whitehead and Briar Whitehead similarly wrote:

The aforementioned authors Dr. Whitehead and Briar Whitehead similarly wrote:

''For more information please see'': [[Failure of Experiments to Show Genetic Determinism For Homosexuality]]

''For more information please see'': [[Failure of Experiments to Show Genetic Determinism For Homosexuality]]

Dr. Dean Hamer is a researcher often cited to show that there is empirical data supporting the notion of genetic [[determinism]] in regards to homosexuality. News organizations like [[National Public Radio]] and [[Newsweek]] have done news stories regarding his work.<ref>http://www.narth.com/docs/istheregene.html</ref> In respect to the press trumpeting various findings genetics-of-behavior research uncritically the science journal ''Science'' stated the following in 1994:

Dr. Dean Hamer is a researcher often cited to show that there is empirical data supporting the notion of genetic [[determinism]] in regards to homosexuality. News organizations like [[National Public Radio]] and [[Newsweek]] have done news stories regarding his work.<ref>[https://www.the-scientist.com/critic-at-large/going-beyond-the-lab-37247 Going Beyond the Lab], ''The Scientist''</ref> In respect to the press trumpeting various findings genetics-of-behavior research uncritically the science journal ''Science'' stated the following in 1994:

{{Cquote|Time and time again, scientists have claimed that particular genes or [[chromosome|chromosomal]] regions are associated with behavioral traits, only to withdraw their findings when they were not replicated. "Unfortunately," says Yale's [Dr. Joel] Gelernter, "it's hard to come up with many" findings linking specific genes to complex human behaviors that have been replicated. "...All were announced with great fanfare; all were greeted unskeptically in the popular press; all are now in disrepute."<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/istheregene.html Mann, C. Genes and behavior. Science 264:1687 (1994)]</ref>}}

{{Cquote|Time and time again, scientists have claimed that particular genes or [[chromosome|chromosomal]] regions are associated with behavioral traits, only to withdraw their findings when they were not replicated. "Unfortunately," says Yale's [Dr. Joel] Gelernter, "it's hard to come up with many" findings linking specific genes to complex human behaviors that have been replicated. "...All were announced with great fanfare; all were greeted unskeptically in the popular press; all are now in disrepute."<ref>''Science'', 264:1687 (1994)</ref>}}

=== Gender and homosexuality ===

=== Gender and homosexuality ===

The [[Gallup poll|Gallup Organization]] reported: "The Family Research Report says 'around 2-3% of men, and 2% of women, are homosexual or bisexual.'"<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/6961/what-percentage-population-gay.aspx What Percentage of the Population Is Gay?] by Jennifer Robison, [[Gallup poll|Gallup Organization]]</ref> The U.S Department of Health and Human Services reported: "While the percentage of women and men aged 18-44 years who reported they were either heterosexual or homosexual was similar (94% of women and 96% of men said they were heterosexual while 1.1% of women and 1.7% of men said they were homosexual or gay), the percentage of women who reported they were bisexual was more than 3 times as high as men (3.5% of women vs. 1.1% of men)."<ref>[http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pdfs/r-and-e-update-spring-2011.pdf OPA RESEARCH & EVALUATION UPDATE, January – March 201],  U.S Department of Health and Human Services]</ref><ref>[https://carm.org/percent-population-homosexual Statistics on the percentage of the population that are homosexual and lesbian] by Matt Slick, [[CARM]]</ref>

The [[Gallup poll|Gallup Organization]] reported: "The Family Research Report says 'around 2-3% of men, and 2% of women, are homosexual or bisexual.'"<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/6961/what-percentage-population-gay.aspx What Percentage of the Population Is Gay?] by Jennifer Robison, [[Gallup poll|Gallup Organization]]</ref> The U.S Department of Health and Human Services reported: "While the percentage of women and men aged 18-44 years who reported they were either heterosexual or homosexual was similar (94% of women and 96% of men said they were heterosexual while 1.1% of women and 1.7% of men said they were homosexual or gay), the percentage of women who reported they were bisexual was more than 3 times as high as men (3.5% of women vs. 1.1% of men)."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130605104033/http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pdfs/r-and-e-update-spring-2011.pdf OPA RESEARCH & EVALUATION UPDATE, January – March 2011],  U.S Department of Health and Human Services]</ref><ref>[https://carm.org/percent-population-homosexual Statistics on the percentage of the population that are homosexual and lesbian] by Matt Slick, [[CARM]]</ref>

=== Homosexuality and Choice ===

=== Homosexuality and Choice ===

Another other factor that makes engaging in homosexual acts a bad choice for individuals is the significantly higher rates of [[Homosexual Couples and Domestic Violence|domestic violence in homosexual couples]].  In addition, according to experts [[Homosexuality and Murders|homosexual murders are relatively or quite common and often homosexual murders are very brutal]].  Also, the [[Homosexuality and Illegal Drug Use|homosexual population has a greater propensity to engage in illegal drug use]].

Another other factor that makes engaging in homosexual acts a bad choice for individuals is the significantly higher rates of [[Homosexual Couples and Domestic Violence|domestic violence in homosexual couples]].  In addition, according to experts [[Homosexuality and Murders|homosexual murders are relatively or quite common and often homosexual murders are very brutal]].  Also, the [[Homosexuality and Illegal Drug Use|homosexual population has a greater propensity to engage in illegal drug use]].

A 2003 poll done by Ellison Research of [[Phoenix]], [[Arizona]] stated that 82% of all [[United States|American]] [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ministers agreed with the statement “homosexuality is a choice people make".<ref>[http://www.greymatterresearch.com/index_files/Homosexuality.htm Opinions about homosexuality - Grey Matter Consulting]</ref>

A 2003 poll done by Ellison Research of [[Phoenix]], [[Arizona]] stated that 82% of all [[United States|American]] [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ministers agreed with the statement “homosexuality is a choice people make".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181025095012/http://www.greymatterresearch.com/index_files/Homosexuality.htm Opinions about homosexuality - Grey Matter Consulting]</ref>

===Immutability===

===Immutability===

Simon LeVay wrote:

Simon LeVay wrote:

"It's important to stress what I didn't find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain. ... Since I look at adult brains, we don't know if the differences I found were there at birth or if they appeared later."<ref name="byrd">Byrd, A. Dean, Shirley E. Cox, and Jeffrey W. Robinson (May 27, 2001), [http://www.sltrib.com/2001/may/05272001/commenta/100523.htm Homosexuality: The Innate-Immutability Argument Finds No Basis in Science.] ''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]''</ref>

"It's important to stress what I didn't find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain. ... Since I look at adult brains, we don't know if the differences I found were there at birth or if they appeared later."<ref name="byrd">[https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/part-one-sexual-orientation-sexuality-and-gender Sexuality and Gender Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences, ''The New Atlantis'' (journal of technology and society)]</ref>

==== Neuroscience ====

==== Neuroscience ====