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| | As to civil rights (post-slavery issues), the Supreme Court ruled in the ''Civil Rights Cases'' (1883) that the Fourteenth Amendment was limited to prohibiting racial discrimination ''by government''. These decisions held that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to racism by private groups. The Supreme Court thereby halted the civil rights movement until it reemerged in 1950s to end racial segregation in the South. | | As to civil rights (post-slavery issues), the Supreme Court ruled in the ''Civil Rights Cases'' (1883) that the Fourteenth Amendment was limited to prohibiting racial discrimination ''by government''. These decisions held that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to racism by private groups. The Supreme Court thereby halted the civil rights movement until it reemerged in 1950s to end racial segregation in the South. |
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| − | == Review == | + | == Review and More == |
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| | After the North won the Civil War in 1865, the Republican Party claimed victory and blamed the Democratic Party for the war itself. From then until 1912, only one Democratic candidate for president was able to win a presidential election: Grover Cleveland, who won in 1884, then lost in 1888, and then won again in 1892. And he was a ''[[conservative]]'' Democrat from the then-Republican State of New York. The reason the Republican Party won the presidency so often was because it was "waving the bloody shirt" every election, which means it was reminding voters of how the Democrats sided with the supposedly treasonous South in seceding and causing the Civil War. | | After the North won the Civil War in 1865, the Republican Party claimed victory and blamed the Democratic Party for the war itself. From then until 1912, only one Democratic candidate for president was able to win a presidential election: Grover Cleveland, who won in 1884, then lost in 1888, and then won again in 1892. And he was a ''[[conservative]]'' Democrat from the then-Republican State of New York. The reason the Republican Party won the presidency so often was because it was "waving the bloody shirt" every election, which means it was reminding voters of how the Democrats sided with the supposedly treasonous South in seceding and causing the Civil War. |
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| | Most of our images from the Civil War period and afterward are from pictures taken by Mathew Brady, the greatest photographer of the 19th century. Born in Albany, New York, he learned to make daguerreotypes<ref>A daguerreotype is an early type of photographic imaging done directly onto a silver surface.</ref> when he was about 15 years old and went on to take portrait pictures of many Civil War soldiers and most prominent Americans during the rest of his life.<ref>http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/bradcont.html</ref> Brady maintained studios in New York City and Washington, D.C., but also struggled through financial failures in his self-employed business. The photograph of Thomas Edison shown later in this lecture was taken by Mathew Brady. | | Most of our images from the Civil War period and afterward are from pictures taken by Mathew Brady, the greatest photographer of the 19th century. Born in Albany, New York, he learned to make daguerreotypes<ref>A daguerreotype is an early type of photographic imaging done directly onto a silver surface.</ref> when he was about 15 years old and went on to take portrait pictures of many Civil War soldiers and most prominent Americans during the rest of his life.<ref>http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/bradcont.html</ref> Brady maintained studios in New York City and Washington, D.C., but also struggled through financial failures in his self-employed business. The photograph of Thomas Edison shown later in this lecture was taken by Mathew Brady. |
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| | + | === Eads Bridge === |
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| | + | An engineering marvel which stands to this day is the Eads Bridge (photo above), which crosses the Mississippi River from St. Louis to Illinois and was the first-of-a-kind in many respects. It was built to be the first bridge to carry heavy trains, and was the first bridge of any kind across the Mississippi south of the confluence of the Missouri River, which makes the Mississippi River wider. The Eads Bridge has a long span and a high elevation for its time above the water. It also used steel, which was an innovation at the time. |
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| | + | Construction began in 1868 with its then-controversial design, and was completed in 1874. It was a spectacular success which made St. Louis a gateway for railroad travel to the West. Today it is the oldest bridge across the Mississippi River, and it continues to carry rail and car traffic every day. It is named after the engineer who designed it, James Buchanan Eads. |
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| | === Grant's Memoirs === | | === Grant's Memoirs === |