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Part 2
==The Invention Of Dynamite==
==The Invention Of Dynamite==
Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army. In Russia Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerine. However, with the end of the war Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerine. After several explosions, including one that killed hs brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren. After starting commercial production of nitroglycerine in 1864 Nobel experimented with different additives. He discoverd that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a realtively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes. He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''. In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineerng works were dratically reduced.
Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army. In Russia Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerine. However, with the end of the war Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerine. After several explosions, including one that killed hs brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren. After starting commercial production of nitroglycerine in 1864 Nobel experimented with different additives. He discoverd that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a realtively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes. He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''. In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineerng works were drastically reduced.
==Commercial Success==
The market for Nobel's products grew rapidly and Alfred proved to be a skilful businessman as well as a scientist. By 1865 his factory in Germany was exporting nitroglycerine explosives throughout the world. Eventually he built 90 laboratories and factories in 20 different countries. While basing himself in Paris, France he continued to travel widely and was described by [[Victor Hugo]] as "Europe's richest vagabond". No content with developing explosives, Nobel registered 355 patents including materials such as synthetic rubber, leather and silk.
Baku in Azerbaijan had long been famous for its oil seeps and in 1872, the Tsarist regime in Russia started to auction off sections of the oilfield. With his two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, Alfred began the process to turn Baku into one the first large-scale commercial oil-fields in Europe. After visiting Baku in search of walnut wood to make rifle stocks for the family's armaments factory in St. Petersburg, Alfred ended up buying tracts of oil-bearing land. Bringing in six Pennsylvanian drillers, Nobel transformed Russian oil-field technology. However, the remoteness of Baku meant that transporting wooden barrels full of crude oil to the western markets was a difficult task. But by 1880 Nobel had constructed the first oil pipeline in Europe to deliver the oil to Baku and with the profits from their enterprise they not only launched the world's first oil tanker, the ''Zoroaster'', but also built the first continuous-process refinery as well as a railway to transport the crude to St. Petersburg. At one time a single well form the ''Apspheron'' oil-field could produced 4.5 million litres, far surpassing any well in the United States. It was only the quantity of oil from Baku that prevented [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s Standard Oil from establishing the same monopoly position in Europe that it had in the United States.
==Personal Life==
Alfred Nobel's dedication to his work and travel did not leave much room for family life. Feeling like an old man at the age of 43 he advertised in a newspaper - "Wealthy, highly-educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." The position was taken by the Austrian, Countess Bertha Kinsky. She worked a short time for Nobel but returned to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Despite this, she and Alfred remained firm frends and corresponded with each other for many years.
==War And Peace==
Nobel became one of the first proponents of MAD (mutually-assured destruction) when he said :
"My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions.<br>
As soon as men will find that in one instant,<br>
whole armies can be utterly destroyed, <br>
they surely will abide by golden peace."
However, his friend Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race and wrote a seminal book, ''Lay Down Your Arms'' which undoubtedly influenced Nobel. When he died in [[San Remo]], [[Italy]] on December 10, 1895 his last will laid out the proposal that his estate be invested in a fund, the interest of which was to be distributed amongst five prizes. These were to be awarded for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Physiology or Medicine, and Peace. The first prizes were not awarded until 1901. In 1905 the Peace Prize was awarded to Bertha von Suttner.