Changes

Meanwhile, a dispute developed in the African American community about how to advance.  W.E.B. Du Bois took a more aggressive and militant approach to advancement than Booker Washington had.  In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, which demanded full citizenship rights for African Americans.  In 1909 he founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),<ref>http://www.naacp.org/about/</ref> which became very influential in the mid-to-late 1900s in advocating for civil rights.

Meanwhile, a dispute developed in the African American community about how to advance.  W.E.B. Du Bois took a more aggressive and militant approach to advancement than Booker Washington had.  In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, which demanded full citizenship rights for African Americans.  In 1909 he founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),<ref>http://www.naacp.org/about/</ref> which became very influential in the mid-to-late 1900s in advocating for civil rights.

But the NAACP was too "moderate" or passive for some.  Marcus Garvey, another African American leader, founded the United Negro Improvement Association, which advocated both black pride and a return to Africa.

But the NAACP was not aggressive enough for some.  Marcus Garvey, another African American leader, founded the United Negro Improvement Association, which advocated both black pride and a return to Africa.

In 1915, in ''Guinn v. U.S.'', the U.S. Supreme Court helped African Americans by striking down "grandfather clauses" that interfered with voting by descendants of slaves.  The Court based its ruling on the 15th Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."  In other words, the 15th Amendment prohibited interfering with the rights of former slaves to vote.

In 1915, in ''Guinn v. U.S.'', the U.S. Supreme Court helped African Americans by striking down "grandfather clauses" that interfered with voting by descendants of slaves.  The Court based its ruling on the 15th Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."  In other words, the 15th Amendment prohibited interfering with the rights of former slaves to vote.

In the last lecture we discussed imperialism, and mentioned how Teddy Roosevelt became a hero in the Spanish-American War.  He is also a modern-day hero to some; the 2008 presidential candidate John McCain considered Teddy Roosevelt to be a role model.  Teddy Roosevelt is the only modern figure to have his face carved in Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, due to his support for the national park system.  Let's look now at this important American President.

In our prior lecture we discussed imperialism, and mentioned how Teddy Roosevelt became a hero in the Spanish-American War.  He is also a modern-day hero to some; the 2008 presidential candidate Republican John McCain said his role model was Teddy Roosevelt.  He is the only modern figure to have his face carved in Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, due to his support for the national park system and perhaps also his support of outdoor strenuous activities.  Let's look now at this important, fascinating American President.

== Teddy Roosevelt ==

== Teddy Roosevelt ==