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However despite Islamic extremist bigots like Dehlavi, the vast majority of Indian Muslims considered themselves as culturally Indian and not Arab. For instance, Wajid Ali Shah of the Kingdom of Awadh, was well known for composing and singing Radha Kanhaiyya Ka Kissa(Tale of Radha and Krishna).<ref>https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/8548/When-Lucknows-Wajid-Ali-Shah-Directed-a-Play-on-Krishna-and-Radha-in-1843</ref> Additionally, there was Mir Taqui Mir, an Urdu poet who wrote, "What do you ask Mir of his faith and religion? Since long he as put on janew(sacred thread of Hindus), sit in the temple and has given up Islam. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=mir+taqi+mir+why+do+you+ask+what+religion+is+mir&source=bl&ots=_WxVAO6ufx&sig=ACfU3U2C67dlMwDerQ3eaJ6MSeVztugAJQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmncKyztLoAhXghHIEHTUZAYEQ6AEwA3oECAsQNg#v=onepage&q=mir%20taqi%20mir%20why%20do%20you%20ask%20what%20religion%20is%20mir&f=false</ref>

However despite Islamic extremist bigots like Dehlavi, the vast majority of Indian Muslims considered themselves as culturally Indian and not Arab. For instance, Wajid Ali Shah of the Kingdom of Awadh, was well known for composing and singing Radha Kanhaiyya Ka Kissa(Tale of Radha and Krishna).<ref>https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/8548/When-Lucknows-Wajid-Ali-Shah-Directed-a-Play-on-Krishna-and-Radha-in-1843</ref> Additionally, there was Mir Taqui Mir, an Urdu poet who wrote, "What do you ask Mir of his faith and religion? Since long he as put on janew(sacred thread of Hindus), sit in the temple and has given up Islam. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=mir+taqi+mir+why+do+you+ask+what+religion+is+mir&source=bl&ots=_WxVAO6ufx&sig=ACfU3U2C67dlMwDerQ3eaJ6MSeVztugAJQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmncKyztLoAhXghHIEHTUZAYEQ6AEwA3oECAsQNg#v=onepage&q=mir%20taqi%20mir%20why%20do%20you%20ask%20what%20religion%20is%20mir&f=false</ref>

==Under the British==

==Divide and Rule Policy of the British==

*After the 1857 Indian War of Independence, the British confiscated and gifted lands of Hindus to Muslims who were loyal to the British. Additionally, non-interference in Muslim religious places was guaranteed

It was under British rule in India that the idea of dividing India on religious lines came about. The earliest recorded reference to dividing India goes back to 1843. In a speech to the British Parliament, Thomas Macaulay, who introduced English education in India, offered a suggestion on how the British government should deal with India Hindu majority versus the Muslim minority. He stated that Britain should, "take no part in the disputes between Mahometans and idolaters. But, if our government does take a part, there can be no doubt that Mahometanism is entitled to the preference.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=LoJUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=%22take+no+part+in+the+disputes+between+Mahometans+and+idolaters.+But,+if+our+government+does+take+a+part,+there+can+be+no+doubt+that+Mahometanism+is+entitled+to+the+preference.&source=bl&ots=xa6COkeUSm&sig=ACfU3U19H5awy0EEkP_Dp8S0qsGWmOyxnA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiaq7vM3tLoAhUxgXIEHT0HDs8Q6AEwAHoECAsQKA#v=onepage&q=%22take%20no%20part%20in%20the%20disputes%20between%20Mahometans%20and%20idolaters.%20But%2C%20if%20our%20government%20does%20take%20a%20part%2C%20there%20can%20be%20no%20doubt%20that%20Mahometanism%20is%20entitled%20to%20the%20preference.&f=false</ref>

*In 1875, Madarsatul-Uloom Musulman-e-Hind/Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College, by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in Aligarh. It was renamed as Aligarh Muslim university in the year 1920.

 

*In 1905, the British split Bengal by separating Muslim eastern areas from Hindu Western areas. The Muslims then called for Jihad with the goal of converting Eastern Bengal into Dar-ul-Islam(Muslim controlled land) 

Wali Khan, the son of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, wrote a book titled "Untold Story of Partition". He wrote, "The British are manipulative people, experienced in ways of modern sabotage. They seriously set out to find the best means for establishing control over the numerous small kingdoms and millions of individuals....Unity among Indians spelt disaster for the British, which they wanted to avoid at all costs."<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/73921691/Wali-Khan-s-Book-Facts-Are-Facts-The-Untold-Story-of-India-s-Partition-in-1947</ref>

*Muslims with the support of the British officers and magistrates, attacked Hindus

 

*Rabindranath Tagore led a mass protest against the partition of Bengal

The British introduced the Minto Morley reforms in the year of 1909, giving a separate electorate for Muslims. It promoted Anti-Hindu and Islamic separatist leadership.

*The 1st Lieutenant Governor of the new province, Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller, treated this as treason, and let police loose on Hindus

 

*On December 12,1911, the partition of Bengal was removed due to staunch opposition from Indian nationalists

The British then proceeded to look for Indian Muslim collaborators. On November 2, 1921, Mohammad Shafi, a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, submitted a memo which proposed that to undermine growing religious unity in India, it was important to separate the Muslims from it. The memo also proposed an Anglo-Mohammedan Union that would operate in the interest of the British Empire.  

*On December 1906, The Muslim League was founded at the "All India Muhammadan Educational Conference"

 

*In "Lal Ishtihar", Muslims were directed not to buy, not to touch anything manufactured by Hindus, and not to study in the same school

On September 21, 1922, the Viceroy, Reading, wrote to Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India: "I have sent you a telegram, which will show you how near we have been to a complete break between Muslims and Hindus. I have been giving the greatest attention to this possibility, and I have the greatest assistance from Shafi in my council, who is a highly respected Mohammadan."<ref>http://www.sanipanhwar.com/Facts%20are%20Sacred%20by%20Khan%20Abdul%20Wali%20Khan.pdf</ref>

*In 1907, Muslim mobs led by Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, perpetrated assaults, rapes, looting, and murders against Hindus. They additionally desecrated Hindu and temples and destroyed Hindu properties.

*In the year 1909, the British passed Morley/Minto reforms giving a separate electorate for Muslims. It promoted Anti-Hindu and Islamic separatist leadership

*In 1921, the Moplah Riots broke in Kerala as part of the Khilafat Movement. Kerala Muslims were told to establish Dar-ur-Islam by killing all "Kafirs"(Hindus). "Allah-hu Akbar" became a battle cry for the Muslims. Over 1,500 Hindus were slaughtered, 20,000 Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam, property worth Hundreds of thousands of dollars looted, Hindus women raped and abducted;over 100,000 people were driven out of their homes

==Pakistan Movement==

==Pakistan Movement==