Changes

*Chretien, Claire (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-ireland-votes-to-legalize-abortion Ireland votes to legalize abortion: ‘a tragedy of historic proportions’]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.

*Chretien, Claire (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-ireland-votes-to-legalize-abortion Ireland votes to legalize abortion: ‘a tragedy of historic proportions’]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.

*Berry, Susan (May 26, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/26/irish-voters-say-yes-abortion/ Irish Voters Say ‘Yes’ to Abortion]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.

*Berry, Susan (May 26, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/26/irish-voters-say-yes-abortion/ Irish Voters Say ‘Yes’ to Abortion]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.

*Clabough, Raven (May 26 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29145-ireland-a-once-pro-life-stronghold-has-repealed-its-eighth-amendment-protecting-unborn-children Ireland, a Once Pro-Life Stronghold, Has Repealed Its Eighth Amendment Protecting Unborn Children]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.

*Clabough, Raven (May 26, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29145-ireland-a-once-pro-life-stronghold-has-repealed-its-eighth-amendment-protecting-unborn-children Ireland, a Once Pro-Life Stronghold, Has Repealed Its Eighth Amendment Protecting Unborn Children]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.

*Turley, K.V. (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/across-the-land-of-st.-patrick-night-has-fallen Across the land of St. Patrick, night has fallen]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> in a referendum that disadvantaged pro-life advocates.<ref>Clabough, Raven (May 23, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29113-pro-life-advocates-disadvantaged-in-irish-fight-to-legalize-abortion Pro-life Advocates Disadvantaged in Irish Fight to Legalize Abortion]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> Abortion officially became legal in September 2018, with the government intending to make the practice free.<ref>Multiple references:

*Turley, K.V. (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/across-the-land-of-st.-patrick-night-has-fallen Across the land of St. Patrick, night has fallen]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> in a referendum that disadvantaged pro-life advocates.<ref>Clabough, Raven (May 23, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29113-pro-life-advocates-disadvantaged-in-irish-fight-to-legalize-abortion Pro-life Advocates Disadvantaged in Irish Fight to Legalize Abortion]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> Abortion officially became legal in September 2018, with the government intending to make the practice free.<ref>Multiple references:

*[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/pro-lifers-mourn-as-ireland-officially-tramples-unborns-right-to-life Irish president signs law officially repealing pro-life Eighth Amendment, legalizing abortion]. ''LifeSiteNews'' (from the ''Society for the Protection of Unborn Children''). September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.

*[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/pro-lifers-mourn-as-ireland-officially-tramples-unborns-right-to-life Irish president signs law officially repealing pro-life Eighth Amendment, legalizing abortion]. ''LifeSiteNews'' (from the ''Society for the Protection of Unborn Children''). September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.

====Taoisigh (Prime Ministers) of the Republic of Ireland====

====Taoisigh (Prime Ministers) of the Republic of Ireland====

*'''Éamon de Valera''' (Fianna Fáil): 1937-1948, 1951-1954, 1957-1959.

*'''Éamon de Valera''' (Fianna Fáil): 1937–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959.

*'''John A.Costello''' (Fine Gael): 1948-1951, 1954-1957.

*'''John A.Costello''' (Fine Gael): 1948–1951, 1954–1957.

*'''Seán Lemass''' (Fianna Fáil): 1959-1966.

*'''Seán Lemass''' (Fianna Fáil): 1959–1966.

*'''Jack Lynch''' (Fianna Fáil): 1966-1973, 1977-1979.

*'''Jack Lynch''' (Fianna Fáil): 1966–1973, 1977–1979.

*'''Liam Cosgrave''' (Fine Gael): 1973-1977.

*'''Liam Cosgrave''' (Fine Gael): 1973–1977.

*'''Charles Haughey''' (Fianna Fáil): 1979-1981, March 1982 - December 82 and March 1987 - February 1992.

*'''Charles Haughey''' (Fianna Fáil): 1979–1981, March 1982 - December 82 and March 1987 - February 1992.

*'''Garret FitzGerald''' (Fine Gael): 30 June 1981- 9 March 1982 and 14 December 1982 - 10 March 1987.

*'''Garret FitzGerald''' (Fine Gael): 30 June 1981- 9 March 1982 and 14 December 1982 - 10 March 1987.

*'''Albert Reynolds''' (Fianna Fáil): February 1992 – 1994.

*'''Albert Reynolds''' (Fianna Fáil): February 1992 – 1994.

*'''John Bruton''' (Fine Gael): 1994-1997.

*'''John Bruton''' (Fine Gael): 1994–1997.

*'''Bertie Ahern''' (Fianna Fáil): 1997-2008.  

*'''Bertie Ahern''' (Fianna Fáil): 1997–2008.  

*'''Brian Cowen''' (Fianna Fáil): 2008 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=349&docID=-1 Government of Ireland website]</ref>  

*'''Brian Cowen''' (Fianna Fáil): 2008 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=349&docID=-1 Government of Ireland website]</ref>  

*'''Enda Kenny''' (Fine Gael): 2011-

*'''Enda Kenny''' (Fine Gael): 2011-

Galvanized by the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, the party was able to force British governments after 1885 to introduce several home rule bills. The turn of the century witnessed a surge of interest in Irish nationalism, including the founding of Sinn Féin ("Ourselves Alone") as an open political movement.  

Galvanized by the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, the party was able to force British governments after 1885 to introduce several home rule bills. The turn of the century witnessed a surge of interest in Irish nationalism, including the founding of Sinn Féin ("Ourselves Alone") as an open political movement.  

Nationalism was and is a potent populist force in Irish politics. A home rule bill passed in 1914, but its implementation was suspended until war in Europe ended. Believing the mantra: "England's problem is Ireland's opportunity," and tapping into a mood of Gaelic revivalism, Padraic Pearse and James Connolly led the unsuccessful Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse and the other 1916 leaders declared an independent Irish republic, but a lack of popular support doomed the rebellion, which lasted a week and destroyed large portions of Dublin. The decision by the British military government to execute the leaders of the rebellion, coupled with the British Government's threat of conscripting the Irish to fight in the Great War, alienated public opinion and produced massive support for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election. Under the leadership of Eamon de Valera, the elected Sinn Féin deputies constituted themselves as the first Dail. Tensions only increased: British attempts to smash Sinn Féin ignited the Anglo-Irish War of 1919-1921.  

Nationalism was and is a potent populist force in Irish politics. A home rule bill passed in 1914, but its implementation was suspended until war in Europe ended. Believing the mantra: "England's problem is Ireland's opportunity," and tapping into a mood of Gaelic revivalism, Padraic Pearse and James Connolly led the unsuccessful Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse and the other 1916 leaders declared an independent Irish republic, but a lack of popular support doomed the rebellion, which lasted a week and destroyed large portions of Dublin. The decision by the British military government to execute the leaders of the rebellion, coupled with the British Government's threat of conscripting the Irish to fight in the Great War, alienated public opinion and produced massive support for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election. Under the leadership of Eamon de Valera, the elected Sinn Féin deputies constituted themselves as the first Dail. Tensions only increased: British attempts to smash Sinn Féin ignited the Anglo-Irish War of 1919–1921.  

The end of the war brought the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, which established the Irish Free State of 26 counties within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and recognized the partition of the island into Ireland and Northern Ireland, though supposedly as a temporary measure. The six predominantly Protestant counties of northeast Ulster—Northern Ireland—remained a part of the United Kingdom with limited self-government. A significant Irish minority repudiated the treaty settlement because of the continuance of subordinate ties to the British monarch and the partition of the island. This opposition led to further hostilities—a civil war (1922–23), which was won by the pro-treaty forces.  

The end of the war brought the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, which established the Irish Free State of 26 counties within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and recognized the partition of the island into Ireland and Northern Ireland, though supposedly as a temporary measure. The six predominantly Protestant counties of northeast Ulster—Northern Ireland—remained a part of the United Kingdom with limited self-government. A significant Irish minority repudiated the treaty settlement because of the continuance of subordinate ties to the British monarch and the partition of the island. This opposition led to further hostilities—a civil war (1922–23), which was won by the pro-treaty forces.  

*  Cullen, L. M. ''The Emergence of Modern Ireland, 1600-1900'' (Dublin, 1981)  

*  Cullen, L. M. ''The Emergence of Modern Ireland, 1600-1900'' (Dublin, 1981)  

* Cunliffe, Barry et al., ed.  ''The Penguin Atlas of British and Irish History.'' 320 pp.   

* Cunliffe, Barry et al., ed.  ''The Penguin Atlas of British and Irish History.'' 320 pp.   

* Daly, Mary E. "The Irish Free State/ Éire/ Republic of Ireland/ Ireland: 'A Country by Any Other Name'?"  ''Journal of British Studies'' 2007 46(1): 72-90. Issn: 0021-9371 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]  

* Daly, Mary E. "The Irish Free State/ Éire/ Republic of Ireland/ Ireland: 'A Country by Any Other Name'?"  ''Journal of British Studies'' 2007 46(1): 72–90. Issn: 0021-9371 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]  

*  de Paor, Liam. ''The Peoples of Ireland. From Pre-History to Modern Times'' (London, 1986)

*  de Paor, Liam. ''The Peoples of Ireland. From Pre-History to Modern Times'' (London, 1986)

*  Donnelly, J. S.. Jr., and Kerby A. Miller, eds. ''Irish Popular Culture'' (Dublin, 1999)  

*  Donnelly, J. S.. Jr., and Kerby A. Miller, eds. ''Irish Popular Culture'' (Dublin, 1999)