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Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: 1891-92 → 1891–92 (9)
==Secretary of State==
==Secretary of State==
Still the party leader, Blaine resumed his writing and speaking, and visited Europe. He helped [[Benjamin Harrison]] become the GOP nominee in 1888; in 1889 President Harrison appointed Blaine his Secretary of State. During three years of service in this office, probably the most constructive part of his career, Blaine's focused on relations with Latin-American and Britain. He pushed for an canal across Panama, built, operated, and controlled by the United States; he secured Congressional legislation resulting in the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. Blaine's set up the Bureau of American Republics in Washington.<ref>Healy (2001)</ref> As an early environmentalist he used diplomacy to protect the seal herds in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.<ref>Charles S. Campbell, Jr., "The Anglo-American Crisis in the Bering Sea, 1890-1891." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 1961 48(3): 393-414. Issn: 0161-391x Fulltext: in Jstor</ref> He tried to annex Hawaii (which almost succeeded in early 1893, but was postponed to 1898). Indeed, the permanent influence of Blaine on American life was through his foreign policy. Although Blaine concluded tariff reciprocity agreements with eight Latin American nations, reciprocity negotiations with Canada stalled in 1891-92. Harrison and Blaine feared a political backlash from American farmers and lumbermen if concessions were made to Canada. Blaine's Anglophobia also influenced the outcome of the negotiations, and Canada's negotiators to the end resisted the inclusion of reciprocity on manufactured articles in any treaty.<ref>Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' 1981 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0007-7720</ref> The two most important reciprocity agreements were signed with Brazil and with Spain for Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Still the party leader, Blaine resumed his writing and speaking, and visited Europe. He helped [[Benjamin Harrison]] become the GOP nominee in 1888; in 1889 President Harrison appointed Blaine his Secretary of State. During three years of service in this office, probably the most constructive part of his career, Blaine's focused on relations with Latin-American and Britain. He pushed for an canal across Panama, built, operated, and controlled by the United States; he secured Congressional legislation resulting in the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. Blaine's set up the Bureau of American Republics in Washington.<ref>Healy (2001)</ref> As an early environmentalist he used diplomacy to protect the seal herds in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.<ref>Charles S. Campbell, Jr., "The Anglo-American Crisis in the Bering Sea, 1890-1891." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 1961 48(3): 393-414. Issn: 0161-391x Fulltext: in Jstor</ref> He tried to annex Hawaii (which almost succeeded in early 1893, but was postponed to 1898). Indeed, the permanent influence of Blaine on American life was through his foreign policy. Although Blaine concluded tariff reciprocity agreements with eight Latin American nations, reciprocity negotiations with Canada stalled in 1891–92. Harrison and Blaine feared a political backlash from American farmers and lumbermen if concessions were made to Canada. Blaine's Anglophobia also influenced the outcome of the negotiations, and Canada's negotiators to the end resisted the inclusion of reciprocity on manufactured articles in any treaty.<ref>Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' 1981 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0007-7720</ref> The two most important reciprocity agreements were signed with Brazil and with Spain for Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Though not a candidate in 1892, Blaine received nearly 200 votes on the first ballot. After the election Blaine's health failed rapidly, and he died in Washington, on Jan. 27, 1893.
Though not a candidate in 1892, Blaine received nearly 200 votes on the first ballot. After the election Blaine's health failed rapidly, and he died in Washington, on Jan. 27, 1893.
''Puck'' cartoon artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and ''Harper's Weekly'' cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref>Makemson (2004)</ref>
''Puck'' cartoon artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and ''Harper's Weekly'' cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref>Makemson (2004)</ref>
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375—412. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2510229 in JSTOR]
* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375–412. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2510229 in JSTOR]
* Beisner, Robert L. ''From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865—1900.'' (2d ed., 1986), short survey.
* Beisner, Robert L. ''From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865—1900.'' (2d ed., 1986), short survey.
* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.'' (2000).
* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.'' (2000).
* Healy, David. ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]
* Healy, David. ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]
* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 –78.
* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 –78.
* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109-84. (1928).
* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109–84. (1928).
* Makemson, Harlen. "One Misdeed Evokes Another: How Political Cartoonists Used 'Scandal Intertextuality' Against Presidential Candidate James G. Blaine." ''Media History Monographs'' 2004-05 7(2): 1-21. [http://facstaff.elon.edu/dcopeland/mhm/volume7.htm online edition]
* Makemson, Harlen. "One Misdeed Evokes Another: How Political Cartoonists Used 'Scandal Intertextuality' Against Presidential Candidate James G. Blaine." ''Media History Monographs'' 2004-05 7(2): 1-21. [http://facstaff.elon.edu/dcopeland/mhm/volume7.htm online edition]
* Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877—1896. (1969) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94446383 online edition]
* Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896. (1969) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94446383 online edition]
* Muzzey, David. ''James G. Blaine'' (1934) the standard biography
* Muzzey, David. ''James G. Blaine'' (1934) the standard biography
* Peskin, Allan. "Blaine, Garfield and Latin America." ''Americas: a Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History'' 1979 36(1): 79-89. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/981139 in JSTOR]
* Peskin, Allan. "Blaine, Garfield and Latin America." ''Americas: a Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History'' 1979 36(1): 79–89. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/981139 in JSTOR]
* Pletcher, David M. "Reciprocity and Latin America in the Early 1890s: a Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1978 47(1): 53-89. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3637339 in JSTOR]
* Pletcher, David M. "Reciprocity and Latin America in the Early 1890s: a Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1978 47(1): 53–89. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3637339 in JSTOR]
* Pletcher, David M. ''The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur.'' (1962)
* Pletcher, David M. ''The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur.'' (1962)
* Sewell, Mike. “Political Rhetoric and Policy-Making: James G. Blaine and Britain.” Journal of American Studies 24 (April 1990): 61—84.
* Sewell, Mike. “Political Rhetoric and Policy-Making: James G. Blaine and Britain.” Journal of American Studies 24 (April 1990): 61–84.
* Smith, Joseph. Illusions of Conflict: Anglo-American Diplomacy toward Latin America, 1865—1896. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
* Smith, Joseph. Illusions of Conflict: Anglo-American Diplomacy toward Latin America, 1865–1896. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
* Socolofsky, Homer E., and Allan B. Spetter. ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison.'' (1987).
* Socolofsky, Homer E., and Allan B. Spetter. ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison.'' (1987).
* Summers, Mark. ''Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 online edition]
* Summers, Mark. ''Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 online edition]
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===
* Blaine, James G. . “The Presidential Election of 1892.” North American Review 15 (November 1892): 513—25.
* Blaine, James G. . “The Presidential Election of 1892.” North American Review 15 (November 1892): 513–25.
* Blaine, James G. ''20 Years in Congress'' (1884), more of a history than a memoir; well-regarded by scholars [https://books.google.com/books?id=pC4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Blaine, James G. ''20 Years in Congress'' (1884), more of a history than a memoir; well-regarded by scholars [https://books.google.com/books?id=pC4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Blaine, James G. ''The Blaine and Logan Campaign of 1884: Blaine's Speeches During the Canvass'' (1884) - 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=AAQmritxulwC&pg=PA11&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Blaine, James G. ''The Blaine and Logan Campaign of 1884: Blaine's Speeches During the Canvass'' (1884) - 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=AAQmritxulwC&pg=PA11&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]