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|governor=

|governor=

|president=[[Robert Smith]]

|president=[[James Madison]]

|terms=April 2, 1811 – March 4, 1817

|terms=April 2, 1811 – March 4, 1817

|preceded=[[John Quincy Adams]]

|preceded=[[Robert Smith]]

|former=y

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|succeeded=[[Robert Smith]]

|succeeded=[[John Quincy Adams]]

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{{Officeholder/governor

{{Officeholder/governor

'''James Monroe''' (1758–1831) was the fifth [[president of the United States of America]] (1817–1825), best known for sponsoring the [[Monroe Doctrine]], and for presiding over a period of peace and (mostly) prosperity and a lessening of partisan tensions known as the "[[Era of Good Feelings]]."  He was the last of the Virginia Dynasty that controlled the presidency for 32 of the 36 years from 1789 to 1825. He held many political and diplomatic offices, and was a loyal lieutenant to [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], the previous [[Republicans (Jeffersonian)|Republican]] presidents.  

'''James Monroe''' (1758–1831) was the fifth [[president of the United States of America]] (1817–1825), best known for sponsoring the [[Monroe Doctrine]], and for presiding over a period of peace and (mostly) prosperity and a lessening of partisan tensions known as the "[[Era of Good Feelings]]."  He was the last of the Virginia Dynasty that controlled the presidency for 32 of the 36 years from 1789 to 1825. He held many political and diplomatic offices, and was a loyal lieutenant to [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], the previous [[Republicans (Jeffersonian)|Republican]] presidents.  

Monroe was the only president to be elected by unanimous vote subsequent to [[George Washington]], in 1820, not counting a "faithless Elector" who switched his vote to [[John Quincy Adams]].  The collapse of the [[Federalist Party]] was a contributing factor to Monroe's lack of opposition.

Monroe was the only president to be elected by unanimous vote subsequent to [[George Washington]], in 1820, not counting a "[[faithless elector]]" who switched his vote to [[John Quincy Adams]].  The collapse of the [[Federalist Party]] was a contributing factor to Monroe's lack of opposition.

[[Conservative]]s rate him highly due to his opposition to government spending, foreign wars, and European colonization in the [[America]]s.  Some criticize him for his sympathetic view in the 1790s of the [[French Revolution]], but that was based on incomplete information.

[[Conservative]]s rate him highly due to his opposition to government spending, foreign wars, and European colonization in the [[America]]s.  Some criticize him for his sympathetic view in the 1790s of the [[French Revolution]], but that was based on incomplete information.

Monroe was elected governor of Virginia in 1799–1802. He proved himself a popular executive and an able administrator.  His effective handling of the abortive slave uprising known as [[Gabriel's Rebellion]] was highly praised by the planter class.

Monroe was elected governor of Virginia in 1799–1802. He proved himself a popular executive and an able administrator.  His effective handling of the abortive slave uprising known as [[Gabriel's Rebellion]] was highly praised by the planter class.

President Jefferson sent Monroe to France to help Robert R. Livingston, the U.S. minister, negotiate for the purchase of the mouth of the Mississippi River.  They instead purchased the [[Louisiana Purchase|entire Louisiana Territory]] in a spectacular diplomatic triumph. Monroe became minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) but Jefferson rejected the treaty Monroe negotiated because it would not allow the U.S. to engage in commercial warfare against Britain. Monroe went to Spain, which rejected the American offer to purchase the Spanish Floridas. Monroe returned home in 1807, expecting Jefferson's support for the presidency, and insisted upon being a candidate for the Republican nomination even when Jefferson and most party leaders wanted [[James Madison]] to get the nomination. Madison was elected.

President Jefferson sent Monroe to France to help Robert R. Livingston, the U.S. minister, [[negotiate]] for the purchase of the mouth of the Mississippi River.  They instead purchased the [[Louisiana Purchase|entire Louisiana Territory]] in a spectacular diplomatic triumph. Monroe became minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) but Jefferson rejected the treaty Monroe negotiated because it would not allow the U.S. to engage in commercial warfare against Britain. Monroe went to Spain, which rejected the American offer to purchase the Spanish Floridas. Monroe returned home in 1807, expecting Jefferson's support for the presidency, and insisted upon being a candidate for the Republican nomination even when Jefferson and most party leaders wanted [[James Madison]] to get the nomination. Madison was elected.

Monroe was a talented diplomat with a fatal flaw that ruined some of his efforts: he never appreciated that he was a representative of the President and the government and had to articulate and advance its objectives. Unlike his Secretary [[John Quincy Adams]] (who drafted the [[Monroe Doctrine]]), Monroe never had a broad vision for his own nation.

Monroe was a talented diplomat with a fatal flaw that ruined some of his efforts: he never appreciated that he was a representative of the President and the government and had to articulate and advance its objectives. Unlike his Secretary [[John Quincy Adams]] (who drafted the [[Monroe Doctrine]]), Monroe never had a broad vision for his own nation.

===Monroe Doctrine===

===Monroe Doctrine===

After the Napoleonic wars (which ended in 1815), almost all of Latin America revolted against Spanish or Portuguese rule and declared independence.<ref>The main exceptions were the West Indies islands especially Cuba and Puerto Rico which remained with Spain until 1898.</ref> Americans welcomed this development as a validation of the spirit of [[Republicanism]]. Adams suggested delay in formal recognition until Florida was secured in 1819. The whole problem of imperial invasion was intensified by a Russian claim to the Pacific coast down to the fifty-first parallel and simultaneous European pressure to have all of Latin America returned to its colonial status. In March 1822 Monroe informed Congress that permanent stable governments had been established in the United Provinces of La Plata (present-day Argentina), Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico. Adams, under Monroe's careful supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers (ambassadors) to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an "American system" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin  America. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity."

After the Napoleonic wars (which ended in 1815), almost all of Latin America revolted against Spanish or Portuguese rule and declared independence.<ref>The main exceptions were the West Indies islands especially Cuba and Puerto Rico which remained with Spain until 1898.</ref> Americans welcomed this development as a validation of the spirit of [[Republicanism]]. Adams suggested delay in formal recognition until Florida was secured in 1819. The whole problem of imperial invasion was intensified by a Russian claim to the Pacific coast down to the fifty-first parallel and simultaneous European pressure to have all of Latin America returned to its colonial status. In March 1822 Monroe informed Congress that permanent stable governments had been established in the United Provinces of La Plata (present-day Argentina), Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico. Adams, under Monroe's careful supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers (ambassadors) to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a [[most-favored-nation]] basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an "American system" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin  America. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity."

Monroe and Adams realized that American recognition would not protect the new countries against military intervention to restore Spain's power. In October 1823 Richard Rush, the American minister in London, advised that Foreign Secretary George Canning was proposing that the U.S. and Britain jointly declare their opposition to European intervention.  Galvanized by the British initiative, Monroe consulted with American leaders and then formulated a plan with Adams and incorporated it in his annual message to Congress in December 1823. The principles that have become known as the [[Monroe Doctrine]].  

Monroe and Adams realized that American recognition would not protect the new countries against military intervention to restore Spain's power. In October 1823 Richard Rush, the American minister in London, advised that Foreign Secretary George Canning was proposing that the U.S. and Britain jointly declare their opposition to European intervention.  Galvanized by the British initiative, Monroe consulted with American leaders and then formulated a plan with Adams and incorporated it in his annual message to Congress in December 1823. The principles that have become known as the [[Monroe Doctrine]].  

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monroe, James}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monroe, James}}

[[Category:Virginia Governors]]

[[Category:Virginia Governors]]

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:Early National U.S.]]

[[Category:Early National U.S.]]

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]