Changes

Brown now made even more gradiose plans and signed up famous men in Boston who gave him the necessary money.  They included Gerrit Smith, George L. Stearns, Theodore Parker, Frank B. Sanborn, [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], S. G. Howe, [[Frederick Douglass]], and others.   

Brown now made even more gradiose plans and signed up famous men in Boston who gave him the necessary money.  They included Gerrit Smith, George L. Stearns, Theodore Parker, Frank B. Sanborn, [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], S. G. Howe, [[Frederick Douglass]], and others.   

His plan was not a sudden raid and then escape to the mountains. Rather his plan was to use the rifles and pikes he brought along, and those captured at the arsenal, to arm rebellious slaves, striking terror to the slaveholders in Virginia. He believed that on the first night of the stroke he thought he might get from two to five hundred black adherents. He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him.  Then he would send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves. He planned to hold Harper’s Ferry for a short time, expecting as many volunteers white and black would join him as would form against him. He then would make a rapid movement southward, along the way sending out armed bands. They would free more slaves, obtain food, horses and hostages, and destroy slaveholding morale. Brown planned to follow the Appalachian mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama, the heart of the South, making forays into the plains on either side.<ref>Nevins 4:72-73</ref>  

His plan was not a sudden raid and then escape to the mountains. Rather his plan was to use the rifles and pikes he brought along, and those captured at the arsenal, to arm rebellious slaves, striking terror to the slaveholders in Virginia. He believed that on the first night of the stroke he thought he might get from two to five hundred black adherents. He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him.  Then he would send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves. He planned to hold Harper's Ferry for a short time, expecting as many volunteers white and black would join him as would form against him. He then would make a rapid movement southward, along the way sending out armed bands. They would free more slaves, obtain food, horses and hostages, and destroy slaveholding morale. Brown planned to follow the Appalachian mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama, the heart of the South, making forays into the plains on either side.<ref>Nevins 4:72-73</ref>  

In 1859, Brown led 21 men in an attack on a federal arsenal in [[Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]] (note: Harper's Ferry is now part of [[West Virginia]]), intending to arm slaves in [[slave revolt]]s. The raid failed, and Brown was hanged on December 2.

In 1859, Brown led 21 men in an attack on a federal arsenal in [[Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]] (note: Harper's Ferry is now part of [[West Virginia]]), intending to arm slaves in [[slave revolt]]s. The raid failed, and Brown was hanged on December 2.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Etcheson, Nicole. "John Brown, Terrorist?" ''American Nineteenth Century History,'' Volume 10, Issue 1 March 2009 , pp 29–48, answers "no"

* Etcheson, Nicole. "John Brown, Terrorist?" ''American Nineteenth Century History,'' Volume 10, Issue 1 March 2009, pp 29–48, answers "no"

* Etcheson, Nicole. ''Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Bleeding-Kansas-Contested-Liberty-Civil/dp/0700614923/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237276343&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Etcheson, Nicole. ''Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Bleeding-Kansas-Contested-Liberty-Civil/dp/0700614923/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237276343&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859-1861'' (1950), vol 4 of ''The Ordeal of the Union'', outstanding narrative, esp ch 3 pp 70–97  

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859-1861'' (1950), vol 4 of ''The Ordeal of the Union'', outstanding narrative, esp ch 3 pp 70–97  

* Peterson, Merrill D. ''John Brown: The Legend Revisited.'' (2002). 196 pp.

* Peterson, Merrill D. ''John Brown: The Legend Revisited.'' (2002). 196 pp.

* Potter, David M. ''The Impending Crisis: 1848-1861'' (1976) pp 211–24, 356-84; Pulitzer Prize winning history by leading conservative historian

* Potter, David M. ''The Impending Crisis: 1848-1861'' (1976) pp 211–24, 356–84; Pulitzer Prize winning history by leading conservative historian

* Reynolds, David S. ''John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights'' (2006) says Brown was justified in practicing terrorism

* Reynolds, David S. ''John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights'' (2006) says Brown was justified in practicing terrorism

* Villard, Oswald Garrison. ''John Brown, 1800-1859: A Biography Fifty Years After‎'' (1910) 738 pages, a better balanced biography by an abolitionist [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVZ9Xn_qY4MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:john+intitle:brown+inauthor:villard&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]

* Villard, Oswald Garrison. ''John Brown, 1800-1859: A Biography Fifty Years After‎'' (1910) 738 pages, a better balanced biography by an abolitionist [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVZ9Xn_qY4MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:john+intitle:brown+inauthor:villard&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]