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'''Alfred Nobel''' (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer and armaments manufacturer.  He is noted for the invention of dynamite and the inauguration of the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] for achievements in the fields of science, literature, medicine, economics and peace.

'''Alfred Nobel''' (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, [[engineer]] and [[armaments]] manufacturer.  He is noted for the invention of dynamite and the inauguration of the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] for achievements in the fields of [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[literature]], [[medicine]] or [[physiology]], and [[peace]].

==Early Life==

==Early Life==

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Sweden on October 21, 1833.  He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel, the  inventor of modern plywood. At the age of 9 his family moved to St. Petersburg where his father founded a factory to make naval mines for use in the Crimean War.  As a wealth and successful industrialist Immanuel was able to give his sons a first-class education by [[homeschooling|private tutors]]. In Russia, Alfred studied chemistry under Professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin.  He also achieved fluency in five languages; Swedish Russian, English French and German. Alfred had a wide variety of interests ranging from chemistry and physics to English literature and poetry.  In order to widen his son's horizons, Immanuel Nobel sent Alfred abroad for further training in chemical engineering and in a two-year period he visited France, Germany, Sweden and the United States. Paris became his favorite city and whilst working in a private laboratory there he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of the volatile and unpredictable, powerful explosive; nitroglycerine.  Alfred took an interest in this unstable compound for which he saw great potential if it could be tamed.   

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in [[Sweden]] on October 21, 1833.  He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel, the  inventor of modern [[plywood]]. At the age of 9 his family moved to [[St. Petersburg]] where his father founded a factory to make naval mines for use in the [[Crimean War]].  As a wealth and successful industrialist Immanuel was able to give his sons a first-class education by [[homeschooling|private tutors]]. In Russia, Alfred studied chemistry under Professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin.  He also achieved fluency in five languages; Swedish Russian, English French and German. Alfred had a wide variety of interests ranging from chemistry and physics to English literature and [[poetry]].  In order to widen his son's horizons, Immanuel Nobel sent Alfred abroad for further training in chemical engineering and in a two-year period he visited [[France]], [[Germany]], Sweden and the [[United States]]. [[Paris]] became his favorite city and whilst working in a private laboratory there he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of the volatile and unpredictable, powerful explosive; [[nitroglycerine]].  Alfred took an interest in this unstable compound for which he saw great potential if it could be tamed.   

==The Invention Of Dynamite==

==The Invention Of Dynamite==

Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army.  In Russia Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerine.  However, with the end of the war Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerine.  After several explosions, including one that killed hs brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren.  After starting commercial production of nitroglycerine in 1864 Nobel experimented with different additives.  He discoverd that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a realtively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes.  He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''.  In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineerng works were drastically reduced.

Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army.  In [[Russia]] Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerine.  However, with the end of the war Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerine.  After several explosions, including one that killed hs brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren.  After starting commercial production of nitroglycerine in 1864 Nobel experimented with different additives.  He discoverd that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a realtively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes.  He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''.  In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineerng works were drastically reduced.

==Commercial Success==

==Commercial Success==

The market for Nobel's products grew rapidly and Alfred proved to be a skilful businessman as well as a scientist. By 1865 his factory in Germany was exporting nitroglycerine explosives throughout the world. Eventually he built 90 laboratories and factories in 20 different countries.  While basing himself in Paris, France he continued to travel widely and was described by [[Victor Hugo]] as "Europe's richest vagabond".  Not content with developing explosives, Nobel registered 355 patents including materials such as synthetic rubber, leather and silk.

The market for Nobel's products grew rapidly and Alfred proved to be a skilful businessman as well as a scientist. By 1865 his factory in Germany was exporting nitroglycerine explosives throughout the world. Eventually he built 90 laboratories and factories in 20 different countries.  While basing himself in [[Paris]], [[France]] he continued to travel widely and was described by [[Victor Hugo]] as "Europe's richest vagabond".  Not content with developing explosives, Nobel registered 355 [[patents ]]including materials such as synthetic [[rubber]], [[leather]] and [[silk]].

Baku in Azerbaijan had long been famous for its oil seeps and in 1872, the Tsarist regime in Russia started to auction off sections of the oilfield.  With his two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, Alfred began the process to turn Baku into one the first large-scale commercial oil-fields in Europe. After visiting Baku in search of walnut wood to make rifle stocks for the family's armaments factory in St. Petersburg, Alfred ended up buying tracts of oil-bearing land. Bringing in six Pennsylvanian drillers, Nobel transformed Russian oil-field technology.  However, the remoteness of Baku meant that transporting wooden barrels full of crude oil to the western markets was a difficult task.  But by 1880 Nobel had constructed the first oil pipeline in Europe to deliver the oil to Baku and with the profits from their enterprise they not only launched the world's first oil tanker, the ''Zoroaster'', but also built the first continuous-process refinery as well as a railway to transport the crude to St. Petersburg.  At one time a single well form the ''Apspheron'' oil-field could produced 4.5 million litres, far surpassing any well in the United States.  It was only the quantity of oil from Baku that prevented [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s Standard Oil from establishing the same monopoly position in Europe that it had in the United States.

[[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] had long been famous for its [[oil]] seeps and in 1872, the Tsarist regime in Russia started to auction off sections of the oilfield.  With his two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, Alfred began the process to turn Baku into one the first large-scale commercial oil-fields in Europe. After visiting Baku in search of walnut wood to make rifle stocks for the family's armaments factory in St. Petersburg, Alfred ended up buying tracts of oil-bearing land. Bringing in six [[Pennsylvania|Pennsylvanian]] drillers, Nobel transformed Russian oil-field technology.  However, the remoteness of Baku meant that transporting wooden barrels full of crude oil to the western markets was a difficult task.  But by 1880 Nobel had constructed the first oil pipeline in Europe to deliver the oil to Baku and with the profits from their enterprise they not only launched the world's first oil tanker, the ''Zoroaster'', but also built the first continuous-process [[refinery]] as well as a [[railway]] to transport the crude to St. Petersburg.  At one time a single well form the ''Apspheron'' oil-field could produced 4.5 million litres, far surpassing any well in the United States.  It was only the quantity of oil from Baku that prevented [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]] from establishing the same monopoly position in Europe that it had in the United States.

==Personal Life==

==Personal Life==

==War And Peace==

==War And Peace==

Nobel became one of the first proponents of MAD (mutually-assured destruction) when he said :

Nobel became one of the first proponents of MAD ([[mutually-assured destruction]]) when he said :

  "My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions.<br>

  "My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions.<br>