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What is now Pakistan, along with parts of northwestern India, contains the archeological remains of an urban civilization dating back 4,500 years. Alexander the Great included the Indus Valley in his empire in 326 B.C., and his successors founded the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria based in what is today Afghanistan and extending to Peshawar. Following the rise of the Central Asian Kushan Empire in later centuries, the Buddhist culture of Afghanistan and Pakistan, centered on the city of Taxila just west of Islamabad, experienced a cultural renaissance known as the Gandhara period.  

What is now Pakistan, along with parts of northwestern India, contains the archeological remains of an urban civilization dating back 4,500 years. Alexander the Great included the Indus Valley in his empire in 326 B.C., and his successors founded the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria based in what is today Afghanistan and extending to Peshawar. Following the rise of the Central Asian Kushan Empire in later centuries, the Buddhist culture of Afghanistan and Pakistan, centered on the city of Taxila just west of Islamabad, experienced a cultural renaissance known as the Gandhara period.  

Pakistan's Islamic history began with the arrival of Muslim traders in the 8th century in Sindh. The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century provided an opportunity for the English East India Company to extend its control over much of the subcontinent. The Sikh adventurer, Ranjit Singh, carved out a dominion that extended from Kabul to Srinagar and Lahore, encompassing much of the northern area of modern Pakistan. British rule replaced the Sikhs in the first half of the 19th century. In a decision that had far-reaching consequences, the British permitted the Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir, a Sikh appointee, to continue in power.  

Pakistan's Islamic history began with the arrival of Muslim traders in the 8th century in Sindh. The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century provided an opportunity for the English East India Company to extend its control over much of the subcontinent. The Sikh adventurer, Ranjit Singh, carved out a dominion that extended from Kabul to Srinagar and Lahore, encompassing much of the northern area of modern Pakistan. British rule replaced the Sikhs in the first half of the 19th century. The British permitted the Hindu Maharaja of the Jammu and Kashmir princely state, a Sikh appointee, to continue in power.  

The concept of "Pakistan" emerged from an extended period of agitation by the elite Muslims of India to gain power. These elite Muslims were backed by the British and founded the All India Muslim League in 1906. Initially, the League adopted the same objective as the Congress—self-government for India within the British Empire—but the League refused to accept United India. On the other hand, prominent Indian Muslim leaders, such as the Pashtun visionary Khan Abdbul Ghaffar Khan, as well as the Darul Uloom Deoband, supported a united India. After the partition of India, the government of Pakistan jailed Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan quite frequently and he was buried in Afghanistan.  

The concept of "Pakistan" emerged from an extended period of agitation by the elite Muslims of India to gain power. These elite Muslims were backed by the British and founded the All India Muslim League in 1906. Initially, the League adopted the same objective as the Congress—self-government for India within the British Empire—but the League refused to accept United India. On the other hand, prominent Indian Muslim leaders, such as the Pashtun visionary Khan Abdbul Ghaffar Khan, as well as the Darul Uloom Deoband, supported a united India. After the partition of India, the government of Pakistan jailed Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan quite frequently and he was buried in Afghanistan.  

====Partition of India and the Creation of Pakistan====

====Partition of India and the Creation of Pakistan====