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In 1910, Middleton enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army and two years thereafter was commissioned a second lieutenant]in the infantry. In 1915, he wed the former Jerusha Emily Collins (1890-1980), originally from [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], [[Texas]]. The couple had two children: Troy, Jr. (1922-2006), who was a lieutenant colonel in the Army in World War II and the [[Korean War]] who is interred iat Pine Crest Cemetery in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/50627082/troy-houston-middleton|title=Troy Houston Middleton, Jr.|publisher=Findagrave.com|accessdate=June 13, 2020}}</ref> and Bernice Collins (1926-2012), who is interred at Roselawn Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge, where she had lived nearly all of her life.<ref name=lahist/>

In 1910, Middleton enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army and two years thereafter was commissioned a second lieutenant]in the infantry. In 1915, he wed the former Jerusha Emily Collins (1890-1980), originally from [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], [[Texas]]. The couple had two children: Troy, Jr. (1922-2006), who was a lieutenant colonel in the Army in World War II and the [[Korean War]] who is interred iat Pine Crest Cemetery in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/50627082/troy-houston-middleton|title=Troy Houston Middleton, Jr.|publisher=Findagrave.com|accessdate=June 13, 2020}}</ref> and Bernice Collins (1926-2012), who is interred at Roselawn Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge, where she had lived nearly all of her life.<ref name=lahist/>

In 1916, Middleton he was elevated to first lieutenant and in 1917 as a [[captain]] during World War I and major-colonel in 1918. At age of twenty-nine, he was youngest [[colonel[ in General [[John J. Pershing]]'s American Expeditionary Force in [[France]]. He commanded both the 39th and 47th Infantry regiments in combat. In the peacetime army, he reverted to the rank of captain in 1919 and studied and taught in the Infantry School at Fort Benning, [[Georgia]], from 1919 to 1923. He was elevated to major in 1920 and then studied and taught at the Command and General Staff School in Fort Leavenworth, [[Kansas]], from 1923 to 1928. Through his time at Leavenworth, nearly all of the men who were to command divisions in [[Europe]] in World War II studied at the Command School. At one point, each corps commander in Europe had been a student under Middleton at the Command  School. Middleton instructed the later Allied Supreme Commander and subsequent [[U.S. President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who, only a year younger than Middleton, ranked first in the Leavenworth class of 1925-1926. From 1928 to 1929, Middleton studied at the Army War College in [[Washington, D.C.]] The next year, 1929 to 1930, he was the battalion commander of the 29th Infantry at Fort Benning.<ref name=lahist/>

In 1916, Middleton he was elevated to first lieutenant and in 1917 as a [[captain]] during World War I and major-colonel in 1918. At age of twenty-nine, he was youngest [[colonel]] in General [[John J. Pershing]]'s American Expeditionary Force in [[France]]. He commanded both the 39th and 47th Infantry regiments in combat. In the peacetime army, he reverted to the rank of captain in 1919 and studied and taught in the Infantry School at Fort Benning, [[Georgia]], from 1919 to 1923. He was elevated to major in 1920 and then studied and taught at the Command and General Staff School in Fort Leavenworth, [[Kansas]], from 1923 to 1928. Through his time at Leavenworth, nearly all of the men who were to command divisions in [[Europe]] in World War II studied at the Command School. At one point, each corps commander in Europe had been a student under Middleton at the Command  School. Middleton instructed the later Allied Supreme Commander and subsequent [[U.S. President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who, only a year younger than Middleton, ranked first in the Leavenworth class of 1925-1926. From 1928 to 1929, Middleton studied at the Army War College in [[Washington, D.C.]] The next year, 1929 to 1930, he was the battalion commander of the 29th Infantry at Fort Benning.<ref name=lahist/>

From 1930 to 1936, Middleton commanded the cadets at LSU. He was elevated to [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1935 and sent to the [[Philippines]] from  1936-1937. He retired from the Army the first time in 1937 and returned to LSU as dean of administration and vice-president from 1937 to 1942. With the advent of World War II, at the age of fifty-two, he re-entered the Army and served as commanding general of the 45th Infantry Division in [[Sicily]], the 8th Corps in [[Belgium]], France, and [[Germany]] during the war and from 1945 to 1951, when he retired for the second time as lieutenant general. LSU selected him as president in 1951, and he remained at the helm until 1962, during the early years of the [[civil rights]] movement. He was president emeritus from 1962 until his death in Baton Rouge three days before his 87th birthday.<ref name=lahist/>

From 1930 to 1936, Middleton commanded the cadets at LSU. He was elevated to [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1935 and sent to the [[Philippines]] from  1936-1937. He retired from the Army the first time in 1937 and returned to LSU as dean of administration and vice-president from 1937 to 1942. With the advent of World War II, at the age of fifty-two, he re-entered the Army and served as commanding general of the 45th Infantry Division in [[Sicily]], the 8th Corps in [[Belgium]], France, and [[Germany]] during the war and from 1945 to 1951, when he retired for the second time as lieutenant general. LSU selected him as president in 1951, and he remained at the helm until 1962, during the early years of the [[civil rights]] movement. He was president emeritus from 1962 until his death in Baton Rouge three days before his 87th birthday.<ref name=lahist/>