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The [[Cherokee]] nation resisted, however, and claimed in court to be a foreign nation that was not subject to [[Georgia]] laws. In its 1831 ruling on [[Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia]], the Supreme Court decided that it had no jurisdiction over the question, and described the Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations. In 1835, Congress ratified the Treaty of New Enchola in which the Cherokees agreed to relocation.  Under the power of federal troops and Georgia state militia, the Cherokee tribe made their trek to the plains across the Mississippi. Thousands died en route in what is now called the [[Trail of Tears]].  

The [[Cherokee]] nation resisted, however, and claimed in court to be a foreign nation that was not subject to [[Georgia]] laws. In its 1831 ruling on [[Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia]], the Supreme Court decided that it had no jurisdiction over the question, and described the Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations. In 1835, Congress ratified the Treaty of New Enchola in which the Cherokees agreed to relocation.  Under the power of federal troops and Georgia state militia, the Cherokee tribe made their trek to the plains across the Mississippi. Thousands died en route in what is now called the [[Trail of Tears]].  

The United States government's conflict with Indian tribes was directly related to advancing civilization. To make matter more difficult, Indians generally had a different concept of land ownership than European Americans, emphasizing land use for hunting, farming, or dwelling for the tribe, but not recognizing the concept of individual ownership. Indian society was loose, decentralized, and non-authoritarian where "chiefs" were often men of respect and informal authority, but not designated by the tribe to make decisions. The result was that treaties were often signed with Indian leaders who did not have the backing of everyone in the tribe.

The United States government's conflict with Indian tribes was directly related to advancing civilization, and you can't make an omelet without breaking a few eggs. To make matter more difficult, Indians generally had a different concept of land ownership than European Americans, emphasizing land use for hunting, farming, or dwelling for the tribe, but not recognizing the concept of individual ownership. Indian society was loose, decentralized, and non-authoritarian where "chiefs" were often men of respect and informal authority, but not designated by the tribe to make decisions. The result was that treaties were often signed with Indian leaders who did not have the backing of everyone in the tribe.

==Text of Jackson's Second Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1930==

==Text of Jackson's Second Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1930==