Changes

==Description==

==Description==

[[File:NPR coronavirus.PNG|right|300px|thumb|An [[NPR]] report on American evacuees from China failed to notice the woman on the left didn't pinch the strip on her mask, and the man on the right had the mask upside down, rendering these "preventative measures" useless.]]

[[File:NPR coronavirus.PNG|right|300px|thumb|An [[NPR]] report on American evacuees from China failed to notice the woman on the left didn't pinch the strip on her mask, and the man on the right had the mask upside down, rendering these "preventative measures" useless.]]

Coronaviruses are positive RNA viruses with a diameter of approximately 80-160 nm. The name itself derives from the visual image of individual virus cells as seen by an electron microscope; these cells have a spiky appearance similar to the corona of the sun. This aspect is represented by the glycoprotein that crosses the viral envelope, reaching the protein "coat", called protein S, with hemagglutination and melting properties. The virus structure is more or less typical of coated viruses, therefore it has a helicoidal symmetry nucleocapsid and a pericapsid consisting of a double phospholipid layer of cellular origin; between these two layers there is a protein coat consisting of the M protein (matrix or matrix). In the nucleocapsid is found the genome consisting of an ssRNA + (a single RNA strand with positive polarity) of 27-30 kilo bases which codes for 7 viral proteins and is associated with the protein N.

Coronaviruses are positive RNA viruses with a diameter of approximately 80-160 nm. The name itself derives from the visual image of individual virus cells as seen by an electron microscope; these cells have a spiky appearance similar to the corona of the sun. This aspect is represented by the glycoprotein that crosses the viral envelope, reaching the protein "coat", called protein S, with hemagglutination and melting properties. The virus structure is more or less typical of coated viruses, therefore it has a helicoidal symmetry nucleocapsid and a pericapsid consisting of a double phospholipid layer of cellular origin; between these two layers, there is a protein coat consisting of the M protein (matrix or matrix). In the nucleocapsid is found the genome consisting of an ssRNA + (a single RNA strand with positive polarity) of 27-30 kilobases which codes for 7 viral proteins and is associated with the protein N.

Coronaviruses attach to the cell membrane of the target cells thanks to their S proteins that interact with the aminopeptidase N of the membrane; some coronaviruses can bind neuraminic N-acetyl acid thanks to the expression of E3 glycoprotein.  It is not clear whether cell penetration is performed by fusion of the pericapsid with the plasma membrane or by endocytosis.  Inside the cytoplasm of the cell, the coronavirus releases its positive single-stranded RNA which attaches itself to the ribosomes where it is translated.  The translation involves the production of an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (L protein) which transcribes a single negative-stranded RNA from which it is then possible to obtain new positive-stranded RNAs of the coronavirus as well as the seven proteins that it encodes.  Protein N is associated with each new positive RNA strand while pericapside proteins are integrated into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.  A translocator transfers the new nucleocapsides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, subsequently from this gemstone vesicles which constitute the new virions which can be released by exocytosis.

Coronaviruses attach to the cell membrane of the target cells thanks to their S proteins that interact with the aminopeptidase N of the membrane; some coronaviruses can bind neuraminic N-acetyl acid thanks to the expression of E3 glycoprotein.  It is not clear whether cell penetration is performed by fusion of the pericapsid with the plasma membrane or by endocytosis.  Inside the cytoplasm of the cell, the coronavirus releases its positive single-stranded RNA which attaches itself to the ribosomes where it is translated.  The translation involves the production of an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (L protein) which transcribes a single negative-stranded RNA from which it is then possible to obtain new positive-stranded RNAs of the coronavirus as well as the seven proteins that it encodes.  Protein N is associated with each new positive RNA strand while pericapside proteins are integrated into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.  A translocator transfers the new nucleocapsides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, subsequently from these gemstone vesicles which constitute the new virions that can be released by exocytosis.

Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all common colds in adults and children.  The most common symptoms are fever and acute adenoiditis with higher incidence during the winter and early spring.  In many cases coronaviruses can cause pneumonia, direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia; they can also lead to the development of bronchitis, direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis.  The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections.  

Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all common colds in adults and children.  The most common symptoms are fever and acute adenoiditis with higher incidence during the winter and early spring.  In many cases coronaviruses can cause pneumonia, direct viral pneumonia, or secondary bacterial pneumonia; they can also lead to the development of bronchitis, direct viral bronchitis, or secondary bacterial bronchitis.  The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has unique pathogenesis because it causes upper and lowers respiratory tract infections.  

As of January 2020, the following seven coronavirus strains are known to infect humans:

As of January 2020, the following seven coronavirus strains are known to infect humans:

*Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (2019-nCoV), also known as Wuhan or Novel Coronavirus 2019.

*Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (2019-nCoV), also known as Wuhan or Novel Coronavirus 2019.

The Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an example of a deadly disease arising in animals deemed to be "unclean" by the [[Mosaic Law]] for human consumption, such as bats, snakes, cats and camels.<ref>"Nevertheless, among those that chew the cud or part the hoof, you shall not eat these: The camel, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you."  Leviticus 11:4 ([[ESV]])</ref>  In addition, in developing countries in which basic needs - including hygiene - are poor, income is scarce, or are run by corrupt and/or atheistic cultures and governments, there is often a history of poverty and famine; their societies in turn would develop a culture reflecting a wider variety of foods eaten (see: [[Atheism and economics]]).  Where people consume such animals in poorly regulated food markets with poor health systems (see:  [[Atheist hospitals in China]] and [[Atheism and medicine]] and [[Atheist hospitals]]) - especially if the food item is improperly prepared and cooked - a coronavirus can take hold in the human population and then spread rapidly to other people.

The Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an example of a deadly disease arising in animals deemed to be "unclean" by the [[Mosaic Law]] for human consumption, such as bats, snakes, cats, and camels.<ref>"Nevertheless, among those that chew the cud or part the hoof, you shall not eat these: The camel, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you."  Leviticus 11:4 ([[ESV]])</ref>  In addition, in developing countries in which basic needs - including hygiene - are poor, income is scarce, or are run by corrupt and/or atheistic cultures and governments, there is often a history of poverty and famine; their societies, in turn, would develop a culture reflecting a wider variety of foods eaten (see: [[Atheism and economics]]).  Where people consume such animals in poorly regulated food markets with poor health systems (see:  [[Atheist hospitals in China]] and [[Atheism and medicine]] and [[Atheist hospitals]]) - especially if the food item is improperly prepared and cooked - a coronavirus can take hold in the human population and then spread rapidly to other people.

The airborne virus can survive on infected surfaces, such as a door knob or cash, for several hours and even up to 5 days.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/chinese-officials-warns-of-aerosol-infection-as-coronavirus-spreads_3231971.html</ref>

The airborne virus can survive on infected surfaces, such as a doorknob or cash, for several hours and even up to 5 days.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/chinese-officials-warns-of-aerosol-infection-as-coronavirus-spreads_3231971.html</ref>

==Global pandemic==

==Global pandemic==