Changes

[[File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg|left|300px|thumb|A cartoon threatening that the that Democrat donkey and KKK will lynch scalawags (left) and [[carpetbagger]]s (right) on March 4, 1869, the day President Grant takes office. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2015).<ref>Hubbs, Guy W. (May 15, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIVoCQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman"]. University Alabama Press.</ref>]]

[[File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg|left|300px|thumb|A cartoon threatening that the that Democrat donkey and KKK will lynch scalawags (left) and [[carpetbagger]]s (right) on March 4, 1869, the day President Grant takes office. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs, Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman (2015).<ref>Hubbs, Guy W. (May 15, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIVoCQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman"]. University Alabama Press.</ref>]]

At the turn of the 20th century, southern states passed new constitutions or [[Jim Crow]] laws which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and  established [[segregation]] of public facilities by race/ Nearly 3,500 Blacks and 1,300 [[white]]s were lynched between 1882 and 1968.<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968.] Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629081241/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html]</ref>

At the turn of the 20th century, southern states passed new constitutions or [[Jim Crow]] laws which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and  established [[segregation]] of public facilities by race/ Nearly 3,500 Blacks and 1,300 [[white]]s were lynched between 1882 and 1968.<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968.] Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629081241/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html]</ref>

 

A large majority of [[Carpetbagger]]s joined the Republican Party coalition in southern states, along with [[Freedmen]], free blacks, and Scalawags (native white southerners). The Republican coalition controlled every state (except Virginia) for a while; they were all overcome by Democrat and Klan violence, the coalition of [[Redeemers]] in 1870-77. The [[Insurrection_Act#Posse_Comitatus_Act|Posse Comitias Act]] was enacted in 1869 at the request of Republican  President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to empower him to use federal troops to suppress the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction. The original version of this law said that it was the duty of the President to use the armed forces or militia to respond to insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracies that deprive any portion or class of people their Constitutional rights and privileges when state authorities are unable or refuse to protect such people.

A large majority of [[Carpetbagger]]s joined the Republican Party coalition in southern states, along with [[Freedmen]], free blacks, and Scalawags (native white southerners). The Republican coalition controlled every state (except Virginia) for a while; they were all overcome by Democrat and Klan violence, the coalition of [[Redeemers]] in 1870-77. The [[Insurrection_Act#Posse_Comitatus_Act|Posse Comitias Act]] was enacted in 1869 at the request of Republican  President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to empower him to use federal troops to suppress the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction. The original version of this law said that it was the duty of the President to use the armed forces or militia to respond to insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracies that deprive any portion or class of people their Constitutional rights and privileges when state authorities are unable or refuse to protect such people.

The Insurrection Act empowers the President, either upon his own initiative or at the request of a governor to use federal troops to address a variety of civil disturbances that could be provoked by a major terrorist attack. Sections 332 and 333 make it clear that it is up to the President to determine when and where to use federal troops to enforce the laws.<ref>https://www.sofmag.com/understanding-the-posse-comitatus-act-and-the-insurrection-act-the-posse-comitatus-act/</ref>

The Insurrection Act empowers the President, either upon his own initiative or at the request of a governor to use federal troops to address a variety of civil disturbances that could be provoked by a major terrorist attack. Sections 332 and 333 make it clear that it is up to the President to determine when and where to use federal troops to enforce the laws.<ref>https://www.sofmag.com/understanding-the-posse-comitatus-act-and-the-insurrection-act-the-posse-comitatus-act/</ref>

 

The first [[federal]] anti-lynching legislation was introduced by Republicans in 1905 and overcame Democrat [[filibuster]]s in 1922 and was signed into law by Republican President [[Warren Harding]].  Democrat filibusters against strengthening the law continued however; President Franklin Roosevelt always opposed Republican civil rights bills and anti-lynching legislation throughput the [[New Deal]].  Even the appearance in the newspapers of the lynching of Rubin Stacy failed to change Roosevelt's mind on the subject. Six deputies were escorting Stacy to Dade County jail in Miami on July 19, 1935, when he was taken by a white mob and hanged by the side of the home of Marion Jones, the woman who had made the original complaint against him. ''The New York Times'' later revealed that "subsequent investigation revealed that Stacy, a homeless tenant farmer, had gone to the house to ask for food; the woman became frightened and screamed when she saw Stacy's face."<ref>https://www.naacp.org/naacp-history-costigan-wagner-act/</ref> The Costigan-Wagner Bill had wide support; however, the bill was defeated in 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938 and 1940.

The first [[federal]] anti-lynching legislation was introduced by Republicans in 1905 and overcame Democrat [[filibuster]]s in 1922 and was signed into law by Republican President [[Warren Harding]].  Democrat filibusters against strengthening the law continued however; President Franklin Roosevelt always opposed Republican civil rights bills and anti-lynching legislation throughput the [[New Deal]].  Even the appearance in the newspapers of the lynching of Rubin Stacy failed to change Roosevelt's mind on the subject. Six deputies were escorting Stacy to Dade County jail in Miami on July 19, 1935, when he was taken by a white mob and hanged by the side of the home of Marion Jones, the woman who had made the original complaint against him. ''The New York Times'' later revealed that "subsequent investigation revealed that Stacy, a homeless tenant farmer, had gone to the house to ask for food; the woman became frightened and screamed when she saw Stacy's face."<ref>https://www.naacp.org/naacp-history-costigan-wagner-act/</ref> The Costigan-Wagner Bill had wide support; however, the bill was defeated in 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938 and 1940.