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'''Henry Alfred Kissinger''' (birthname "Heinz" as born in Fürth, Germany, on May 27, 1923, age {{age|1923|5|27}}) was a [[globalist]] advocate of a [[liberal]] policy of "realism" and appeasement towards enemies of the [[United States]].  Kissinger dominated the unsuccessful foreign policies of presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]], as [[National Security Advisor]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], holding both positions for a time.  He won the much-criticized 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for reaching a peace that ended the [[Vietnam War]] by essentially capitulating to the [[communist]] [[North Vietnam]].  In close collaboration with Nixon, he created a '''[[détente]] policy''' that called for an end to the [[Cold War]] and for friendly relations with both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]].  His position on détente was rejected by [[Ronald Reagan]] in the 1976 campaign for the presidential nomination. Although Reagan narrowly lost that primary to Ford, due to the immense advantage of incumbency for Ford, Reagan won a landslide victory four years later on a platform that repudiated Kissinger's polices.  Kissinger was then left out of any prominent role in the [[Reagan Administration]].

'''Henry Alfred Kissinger''' (birthname "Heinz" as born in Fürth, Germany, on May 27, 1923, now ge {{age|1923|5|27}}) was a [[globalist]] advocate of a [[liberal]] policy of "realism" and appeasement towards enemies of the [[United States]].  Kissinger dominated the unsuccessful foreign policies of presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]], as [[National Security Advisor]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], holding both positions for a time.  He won the much-criticized 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for reaching a peace that ended the [[Vietnam War]] by essentially capitulating to the [[communist]] [[North Vietnam]].  In close collaboration with Nixon, he created a '''[[détente]] policy''' that called for an end to the [[Cold War]] and for friendly relations with both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]].  His position on détente was rejected by [[Ronald Reagan]] in the 1976 campaign for the presidential nomination. Although Reagan narrowly lost that primary to Ford, due to the immense advantage of incumbency for Ford, Reagan won a landslide victory four years later on a platform that repudiated Kissinger's polices.  Kissinger was then left out of any prominent role in the [[Reagan Administration]].

As a globalist, in 1979 Kissinger "was outspoken in his criticism of the [[Carter Administration|Carter administration]] for its reluctance to let the [[shah of Iran]] come to the [[United States]] for medical treatment,"<ref>https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2020/09/03/vanderbilt-historian-says-kissingers-legacy-offers-relevant-lessons-for-today/</ref> even though in fact the shah could have received such treatment where he was, in [[Mexico]].<ref>https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/01/02/shah-of-iran-diplomacy</ref>  President Carter then let the shah into the United States, which sparked in retaliation the capture of the American embassy in [[Tehran]] and the ensuing [[Iran Hostage Crisis]].

As a globalist, in 1979 Kissinger "was outspoken in his criticism of the [[Carter Administration|Carter administration]] for its reluctance to let the [[shah of Iran]] come to the [[United States]] for medical treatment,"<ref>https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2020/09/03/vanderbilt-historian-says-kissingers-legacy-offers-relevant-lessons-for-today/</ref> even though in fact the shah could have received such treatment where he was, in [[Mexico]].<ref>https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/01/02/shah-of-iran-diplomacy</ref>  President Carter then let the shah into the United States, which sparked in retaliation the capture of the American embassy in [[Tehran]] and the ensuing [[Iran Hostage Crisis]].

==National Security Advisor and Secretary of State==

==National Security Advisor and Secretary of State==

In 1969, Nixon appointed him his top advisor on foreign affairs as "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs," (or "National Security Advisor") in charge of the [[National Security Council]] staff, which he made his base of power. He and Nixon largely ignored the State Department in setting the main lines of foreign policy. In 1973, Kissinger gained the additional role as secretary of state. He was the only person ever to hold the two top national security roles at the same time, and in 1975 he was replaced as head of the NSC. The foreign-born Kissinger -- the first immigrant who became [[Secretary of State]] -- spoke with a heavy German accent and some of his testimony at congressional hearings in the early 1970s was not broadcast to the public apparently for that reason.

In 1969, Nixon appointed him his top advisor on foreign affairs as "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs," (or "National Security Advisor") in charge of the [[National Security Council]] staff, which he made his base of power. He and Nixon largely ignored the State Department in setting the main lines of foreign policy. In 1973, Kissinger gained the additional role as secretary of state. He was the only person ever to hold the two top national security roles at the same time, and in 1975 he was replaced as head of the NSC. The foreign-born Kissinger -- the first immigrant who became [[Secretary of State]] -- spoke with a thick German accent and some of his testimony at congressional hearings in the early 1970s was not broadcast to the public apparently for that reason.

Kissinger's approach to foreign policy was shaped by his vision of world peace achieved through a global balance of power; and accordingly Kissinger believed that effective U.S. diplomacy needed to be backed by force and guided by the pragmatism of Realpolitik rather than by high ideals and abstract causes. In practice his diplomacy, which mixed a highly visible, personal style with secret, behind-the-scenes maneuverings, was marked by bold, often controversial, initiatives and by frequent travel between world capitals in what came to be known as "shuttle diplomacy".

Kissinger's approach to foreign policy was shaped by his vision of world peace achieved through a global balance of power; and accordingly Kissinger believed that effective U.S. diplomacy needed to be backed by force and guided by the pragmatism of Realpolitik rather than by high ideals and abstract causes. In practice his diplomacy, which mixed a highly visible, personal style with secret, behind-the-scenes maneuverings, was marked by bold, often controversial, initiatives and by frequent travel between world capitals in what came to be known as "shuttle diplomacy".