Changes

But Jackson also defied the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] with a famous quip attributed to him: Chief Justice "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."<ref>https://sustainatlanta.com/2015/04/02/remembering-the-time-andrew-jackson-decided-to-ignore-the-supreme-court-in-the-name-of-georgias-right-to-cherokee-land/</ref>  Jackson then won reelection by a landslide.  [[Liberal]]s today, who use the courts to advance their agenda, no longer praise Jackson. Jackson's opposition to the early [[deep state]] is admired by some conservatives.<ref>Stepman, Jarrett (September 30, 2019). [https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/09/30/heres-how-andrew-jackson-stood-up-to-unaccountable-elites/ Here’s How Andrew Jackson Stood Up to Unaccountable ‘Elites’]. ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</ref>

But Jackson also defied the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] with a famous quip attributed to him: Chief Justice "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."<ref>https://sustainatlanta.com/2015/04/02/remembering-the-time-andrew-jackson-decided-to-ignore-the-supreme-court-in-the-name-of-georgias-right-to-cherokee-land/</ref>  Jackson then won reelection by a landslide.  [[Liberal]]s today, who use the courts to advance their agenda, no longer praise Jackson. Jackson's opposition to the early [[deep state]] is admired by some conservatives.<ref>Stepman, Jarrett (September 30, 2019). [https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/09/30/heres-how-andrew-jackson-stood-up-to-unaccountable-elites/ Here’s How Andrew Jackson Stood Up to Unaccountable ‘Elites’]. ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</ref>

Nicknamed "Old Hickory" by his admirers, he typified popular democracy in the "Jacksonian Age" of the 1830s and 1840s, and became the leader of [[Jacksonian Democracy]] during the [[Second Party System]]. He is the founder of the Democrat Party and was its hero for a time because of his strong use of the presidency to bash crony capitalism, central banking, and profligate federal spending. The poor farmers, workers and oppressed loved him because he embodied their hopes and fears, their passions and prejudices, their insight and ignorance, better than anyone. Jackson has been perceived as an early forerunner of the [[conservative]] [[Tea Party]] for his strong commitment to [[limited government]], his [[strict construction]] of the Constitution, his rejection of globalism, and his commitment to [[American exceptionalism]]. <ref>https://spectator.org/andrew-jackson-tea-party-president/</ref><ref>https://www.politico.com/story/2010/09/andrew-jacksons-tea-party-042640</ref><ref>https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/31/the-anti-jacksonians/</ref> A populist, he has also been viewed as a forerunner to President [[Donald Trump]] and the 45th President cites him favorably.<ref>https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/01/17/andrew-jackson-revenant/</ref><ref>http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/trump-may-be-the-true-heir-of-andrew-jackson.html</ref><ref>https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-andrew-jackson-would-never-have-let-civil-war-happen</ref><ref>https://time.com/4699849/donald-trump-andrew-jackson-grave/</ref>

Nicknamed "Old Hickory" by his admirers, he typified popular democracy in the "Jacksonian Age" of the 1830s and 1840s, and became the leader of [[Jacksonian Democracy]] during the [[Second Party System]]. He is the founder of the Democrat Party and was its hero for a time because of his strong use of the presidency to bash crony capitalism, central banking, and profligate federal spending. The poor farmers, workers and oppressed loved him because he embodied their hopes and fears, their passions and prejudices, their insight and ignorance, better than anyone. Jackson has been perceived as an early forerunner of the [[conservative]] [[Tea Party]] for his strong commitment to [[limited government]], his [[strict construction]] of the Constitution, his rejection of globalism, and his commitment to [[American exceptionalism]].<ref>https://spectator.org/andrew-jackson-tea-party-president/</ref><ref>https://www.politico.com/story/2010/09/andrew-jacksons-tea-party-042640</ref><ref>https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/31/the-anti-jacksonians/</ref> A populist, he has also been viewed as a forerunner to President [[Donald Trump]] and the 45th President cites him favorably.<ref>https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/01/17/andrew-jackson-revenant/</ref><ref>http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/trump-may-be-the-true-heir-of-andrew-jackson.html</ref><ref>https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-andrew-jackson-would-never-have-let-civil-war-happen</ref><ref>https://time.com/4699849/donald-trump-andrew-jackson-grave/</ref>

==Career==

==Career==

Jackson attended a [[Presbyterian]] church from time to time, and his wife was a devout Baptist. Jackson had little sympathy for religion in the political sphere, unlike many of his opponents (the Anti-Masons and [[Whigs]]), who were building political coalitions using religious voting blocs during the [[Second Great Awakening]]. For example, Jackson insisted that the mail be delivered on Sundays, much to the anger of the evangelicals.<ref>Adam Jortner, "Cholera, Christ, and Jackson: The Epidemic of 1832 and the Origins of Christian Politics in Antebellum America," ''Journal of the Early Republic,'' Volume 27, Number 2, Summer 2007, pp. 233-264 in [[Project MUSE]]</ref>

Jackson attended a [[Presbyterian]] church from time to time, and his wife was a devout Baptist. Jackson had little sympathy for religion in the political sphere, unlike many of his opponents (the Anti-Masons and [[Whigs]]), who were building political coalitions using religious voting blocs during the [[Second Great Awakening]]. For example, Jackson insisted that the mail be delivered on Sundays, much to the anger of the evangelicals.<ref>Adam Jortner, "Cholera, Christ, and Jackson: The Epidemic of 1832 and the Origins of Christian Politics in Antebellum America," ''Journal of the Early Republic,'' Volume 27, Number 2, Summer 2007, pp. 233-264 in [[Project MUSE]]</ref>

After his presidency, Jackson became very serious about Christianity and returned to the rigid evangelical orthodoxy of his youth. Unlike many politicians of the period who, for ecumenical purposes, appealed to a theistic but not explicitly Christian God, Jackson professed Jesus Christ as his Redeemer, Lord, and Savior. To his son, Andrew Jr., he wrote in 1834: "I nightly offer up my prayers to the Throne of Grace for the health and safety of you all, and that we ought all to rely with confidence on the promises of our dear Redeemer, and give Him our hearts. This is all He requires and all that we can do, and if we sincerely do this, we are sure of salvation through His atonement."<ref>Robert V. Remini, "Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845," 184. </ref> That same year, he sent a letter of condolence to the family of his friend General Coffee, who had recently died. He admonished that they "Rely on our dear Saviour. He will be father to the fatherless and husband to the widow. Trust in the mercy and goodness of Christ, and always be ready to say with heartfelt resignation, "may the Lord's will be done."<ref>Robert V. Remini, "Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845," 91.</ref>

After his presidency, Jackson became very serious about Christianity and returned to the rigid evangelical orthodoxy of his youth. Unlike many politicians of the period who, for ecumenical purposes, appealed to a theistic but not explicitly Christian God, Jackson professed Jesus Christ as his Redeemer, Lord, and Savior. To his son, Andrew Jr., he wrote in 1834: "I nightly offer up my prayers to the Throne of Grace for the health and safety of you all, and that we ought all to rely with confidence on the promises of our dear Redeemer, and give Him our hearts. This is all He requires and all that we can do, and if we sincerely do this, we are sure of salvation through His atonement."<ref>Robert V. Remini, "Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845," 184.</ref> That same year, he sent a letter of condolence to the family of his friend General Coffee, who had recently died. He admonished that they "Rely on our dear Saviour. He will be father to the fatherless and husband to the widow. Trust in the mercy and goodness of Christ, and always be ready to say with heartfelt resignation, "may the Lord's will be done."<ref>Robert V. Remini, "Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845," 91.</ref>

Shortly after becoming a communicant member of the Hermitage Presbyterian Church, Jackson was nominated to become a ruling elder of the church. Jackson declined on Biblical grounds, saying: “No, the Bible says, “Be not hasty on of hands.” I am too young in the church for such an office. My countrymen have given me high honors, but I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever received.”<ref>John Stevens Cabot Abbott, "Lives of the Presidents of the United States of America," (Boston: B.B. Russell & Co., 1867), 238.</ref>

Shortly after becoming a communicant member of the Hermitage Presbyterian Church, Jackson was nominated to become a ruling elder of the church. Jackson declined on Biblical grounds, saying: “No, the Bible says, “Be not hasty on of hands.” I am too young in the church for such an office. My countrymen have given me high honors, but I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever received.”<ref>John Stevens Cabot Abbott, "Lives of the Presidents of the United States of America," (Boston: B.B. Russell & Co., 1867), 238.</ref>

==Presidential campaigns==

==Presidential campaigns==

His military success gave him tremendous popularity with the common man, and he ran for President in the [[United States presidential election, 1824|1824 Presidential Election]].  He won a plurality of the votes but no one got a majority and the election went into the House of Representatives, where they chose [[John Quincy Adams]] instead.  At the next [[United States presidential election, 1828|Presidential Election in 1828]] Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, and then Jackson won reelection in the [[United States presidential election, 1832|1832 Presidential Election]].  Jackson survived an assassination attempt in January 1835 when a deranged man fired two pistols at him at point blank range in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.<ref>[http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070130-richard-lawrence-andrew-jackson-assassination-warren-r-davis.shtml Trying to Assassinate President Jackson]</ref>

His military success gave him tremendous popularity with the common man, and he ran for president in the [[United States presidential election, 1824|1824 Presidential Election]].  He won a plurality of the votes but no one got a majority and the election went into the House of Representatives, where they chose [[John Quincy Adams]] instead.  At the next [[United States presidential election, 1828|Presidential Election in 1828]] Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, and then Jackson won reelection in the [[United States presidential election, 1832|1832 Presidential Election]].  Jackson survived an assassination attempt in January 1835 when a deranged man fired two pistols at him at point blank range in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.<ref>[http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070130-richard-lawrence-andrew-jackson-assassination-warren-r-davis.shtml Trying to Assassinate President Jackson]</ref>

Although Jackson won the 1828 election against incumbent [[John Quincy Adams]] by capturing almost 56% of the popular vote, the campaign was marked by anti-Jackson rhetoric that centered on Rachel Jackson's previous marriage to Lewis Robards and the allegedly "illicit union to Jackson"—that is, bigamy.  Jackson's supporters portrayed the Robards matter as a minor legal misunderstanding. Adams's supporters saw the incident as no less than long-term adultery by Andrew Jackson and portrayed Rachel Jackson as an immoral woman, implying the political dilemma that 'a vote for Jackson was a vote for sin.' The controversy paralleled a critical development in American politics. Expansion in voter participation, the growth of state political organizations, party loyalty, and the development of local campaign papers all led to the wide dissemination of scandal and fed 'the hunger of sensationalism.' To offset this, Jackson's supporters portrayed him as a brave soldier endowed with the virtues of manhood and the frontier spirit, placing him outside the usual social constraints.<ref>Norma Basch, "Marriage, Morals, and Politics in the Election of 1828." ''Journal of American History'' 1993 80(3): 890-918 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080408  in JSTOR]</ref>

Although Jackson won the 1828 election against incumbent [[John Quincy Adams]] by capturing almost 56% of the popular vote, the campaign was marked by anti-Jackson rhetoric that centered on Rachel Jackson's previous marriage to Lewis Robards and the allegedly "illicit union to Jackson"—that is, bigamy.  Jackson's supporters portrayed the Robards matter as a minor legal misunderstanding. Adams's supporters saw the incident as no less than long-term adultery by Andrew Jackson and portrayed Rachel Jackson as an immoral woman, implying the political dilemma that 'a vote for Jackson was a vote for sin.' The controversy paralleled a critical development in American politics. Expansion in voter participation, the growth of state political organizations, party loyalty, and the development of local campaign papers all led to the wide dissemination of scandal and fed 'the hunger of sensationalism.' To offset this, Jackson's supporters portrayed him as a brave soldier endowed with the virtues of manhood and the frontier spirit, placing him outside the usual social constraints.<ref>Norma Basch, "Marriage, Morals, and Politics in the Election of 1828." ''Journal of American History'' 1993 80(3): 890-918 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080408  in JSTOR]</ref>

===Indian extermination===

===Indian extermination===

Jackson, with the backing of Southern politicians, sought to abrogate the standing treaties with the [[Chickasaw]], [[Cherokee]], [[Seminole]], [[Creek]], and [[Choctaw]] nations by evicting them from the land they lived on and relocating them to Indian territory (in present-day [[Oklahoma]]). The idea was roundly decried as illegal and inhumane by evangelical Protestants, who had missionaries to the tribes, and by Whigs. Advocates of forced removal, mostly Democrats from the South, called removal a 'humane' and 'compassionate' move to assist a 'dying people.' The debate surrounding removal quickly became a North-South issue with Southern politicians calling their Northern counterparts 'demagogues' who sought 'to weaken the South' by allowing Indians to remain. In 1830, the resolution was approved by Congress and, assisted by Georgia state officials, Jackson began the process of evicting Native Americans. By 1835 the Cherokee, the last remaining Indian nation in the South, had signed the removal treaty and relocated to Oklahoma.<ref>Michael Morris, "Georgia and the Conversation over Indian Removal," ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 2007 91(4): 403-423, in [[EBSCO]]</ref>  

Jackson, with the backing of Southern politicians, sought to abrogate the standing treaties with the [[Chickasaw]], [[Cherokee]], [[Seminole]], [[Creek]], and [[Choctaw]] nations by evicting them from the land they lived on and relocating them to Indian territory (in present-day [[Oklahoma]]). The idea was roundly decried as illegal and inhumane by evangelical Protestants, who had missionaries to the tribes, and by Whigs. Advocates of forced removal, mostly Democrats from the South, called removal a 'humane' and 'compassionate' move to assist a 'dying people.' The debate surrounding removal quickly became a north–south issue with Southern politicians calling their Northern counterparts 'demagogues' who sought 'to weaken the South' by allowing Indians to remain. In 1830, the resolution was approved by Congress and, assisted by Georgia state officials, Jackson began the process of evicting Native Americans. By 1835 the Cherokee, the last remaining Indian nation in the South, had signed the removal treaty and relocated to Oklahoma.<ref>Michael Morris, "Georgia and the Conversation over Indian Removal," ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 2007 91(4): 403-423, in [[EBSCO]]</ref>  

Cave (2003) argues Jackson acted illegally in pressuring Indians to move west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for voluntary removal and included safeguards for Indian rights, but Jackson ignored and distorted the act to suit his purposes. The newly formed Whig Party actively opposed Jackson's policies, and congressional legislation dealing with Indian removal was hotly debated and passed only by narrow margins. Had Jackson followed the legal dictates of the 1830 act, he probably would not have achieved Indian removal, says Cave.  However Remini (2001) argued that the worst Jackson could be accused of was carrying out what most southern whites wanted at the time.<ref>Robert Remini, ''Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars'' (2001)</ref>

Cave (2003) argues Jackson acted illegally in pressuring Indians to move west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for voluntary removal and included safeguards for Indian rights, but Jackson ignored and distorted the act to suit his purposes. The newly formed Whig Party actively opposed Jackson's policies, and congressional legislation dealing with Indian removal was hotly debated and passed only by narrow margins. Had Jackson followed the legal dictates of the 1830 act, he probably would not have achieved Indian removal, says Cave.  However Remini (2001) argued that the worst Jackson could be accused of was carrying out what most southern whites wanted at the time.<ref>Robert Remini, ''Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars'' (2001)</ref>

===Retirement and death===

===Retirement and death===

[[File:0307131322.jpg|right|thumb|The Hermitage]]

[[File:0307131322.jpg|right|thumb|The Hermitage]]

After honoring the precedent of [[George Washington]] to resign after serving two terms as President, Jackson then supported and advised many future candidates, most notably [[James K. Polk]].   

After honoring the precedent of [[George Washington]] to resign after serving two terms as president, Jackson then supported and advised many future candidates, most notably [[James K. Polk]].   

Jackson died on June 8, 1845. Since 1928, Jackson's picture has appeared on the United States $20 bill - somewhat ironic given that Jackson opposed paper money, wanting the country to use [[specie]] (gold and silver) instead.

Jackson died on June 8, 1845. Since 1928, Jackson's picture has appeared on the United States $20 bill - somewhat ironic given that Jackson opposed paper money, wanting the country to use [[specie]] (gold and silver) instead.

*"It is from within, among yourselves, from cupidity, from corruption, from disappointed ambition, and inordinate thirst for power that factions will be formed and liberty endangered. It is against such designs, whatever disguise the actors may assume, that you have especially to guard yourselves."<ref>https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-4-1837-farewell-address</ref>

*"It is from within, among yourselves, from cupidity, from corruption, from disappointed ambition, and inordinate thirst for power that factions will be formed and liberty endangered. It is against such designs, whatever disguise the actors may assume, that you have especially to guard yourselves."<ref>https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-4-1837-farewell-address</ref>

* "There is no real content and happiness in this world but what is produced by the consolations of religion, derived from the promises contained in the Scriptures."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Robert Minns Burton," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 9 (November 1831),  p. 706.</ref>

* "There is no real content and happiness in this world but what is produced by the consolations of religion, derived from the promises contained in the Scriptures."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Robert Minns Burton," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 9 (November 1831),  p. 706.</ref>

*"True religion is calculated to make us happy not only in this, but in the next and better world, and therefore it was his [General Coffee's] regret that he had not joined the church. It is a profitable admonition to his family, that they may all become members of the church at an early day, for it is in religion alone that we can find consolation for such bereavements as the loss of our dear friend; it is religion alone that ever gives peace to us here and happiness beyond the grave; it is religion alone that can support us in our declining years, when our relish is lost for all sublunary enjoyments."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Mrs. Mary Coffee," in "The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson: Soldier--statesman--president," 1:417. </ref>

*"True religion is calculated to make us happy not only in this, but in the next and better world, and therefore it was his [General Coffee's] regret that he had not joined the church. It is a profitable admonition to his family, that they may all become members of the church at an early day, for it is in religion alone that we can find consolation for such bereavements as the loss of our dear friend; it is religion alone that ever gives peace to us here and happiness beyond the grave; it is religion alone that can support us in our declining years, when our relish is lost for all sublunary enjoyments."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Mrs. Mary Coffee," in "The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson: Soldier--statesman--president," 1:417.</ref>

*"We all know [Moor and Poindexter] never had any moral principle, and when this is the case, such men never can be relied on in maintaining sound political principles—we know that men without moral principle, can always be corrupted by ambitious demagogues and are unworthy of trust by a virtuous people."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to John Coffee," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 10, March 1832, p. 160. </ref>

*"We all know [Moor and Poindexter] never had any moral principle, and when this is the case, such men never can be relied on in maintaining sound political principles—we know that men without moral principle, can always be corrupted by ambitious demagogues and are unworthy of trust by a virtuous people."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to John Coffee," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 10, March 1832, p. 160.</ref>

*"I am and I hope always have been a supporter of religion. Virtue is the basis of all republics. It is the sure foundation of temperance & charity which must be possessed by all who are really Christians—and I only lament that there are too many professors, who if judged by their fruit, do not possess it. When temperance and charity prevail, religion must flourish."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Note on Religion," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 10, June 1832, p. 322. </ref>

*"I am and I hope always have been a supporter of religion. Virtue is the basis of all republics. It is the sure foundation of temperance & charity which must be possessed by all who are really Christians—and I only lament that there are too many professors, who if judged by their fruit, do not possess it. When temperance and charity prevail, religion must flourish."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Note on Religion," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 10, June 1832, p. 322.</ref>

*"Our Government rests upon virtue. Its pillars, you see, are becoming rotten, and unless repaired by the virtue of the people, the fair fabric of liberty must tumble."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Squire Grant," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 6 (Feb. 1825), p. 32. </ref>

*"Our Government rests upon virtue. Its pillars, you see, are becoming rotten, and unless repaired by the virtue of the people, the fair fabric of liberty must tumble."<ref>Andrew Jackson, "Letter to Squire Grant," in "The Papers of Andrew Jackson," Vol. 6 (Feb. 1825), p. 32.</ref>

*In his inaugural address: "It is my fervent prayer to that Almighty Being before whom I now stand, and who has kept us in His hands from the infancy of our Republic to the present day ... that He will ... inspire the hearts of my fellow-citizens that we may be preserved from danger."<ref>https://www.wnd.com/2015/06/bible-the-rock-upon-which-our-republic-rests/</ref>

*In his inaugural address: "It is my fervent prayer to that Almighty Being before whom I now stand, and who has kept us in His hands from the infancy of our Republic to the present day ... that He will ... inspire the hearts of my fellow-citizens that we may be preserved from danger."<ref>https://www.wnd.com/2015/06/bible-the-rock-upon-which-our-republic-rests/</ref>

===Indian Wars and Removal===

===Indian Wars and Removal===

* Buchanan, John. ''Jackson's Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters.'' (2001). 434 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=183801009567545 online review]

* Buchanan, John. ''Jackson's Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters.'' (2001). 434 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=183801009567545 online review]

* Cave, Alfred A. "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830." ''Historian'' 2003 65(6): 1330-1353. Issn: 0018-2370 Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco  

* Cave, Alfred A. "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830." ''Historian'' 2003 65(6): 1330–1353. Issn: 0018-2370 Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco  

* O'Brien, Sean Michael.  ''In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles.'' (2003). 254 pp.   

* O'Brien, Sean Michael.  ''In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles.'' (2003). 254 pp.   

* Remini, Robert V.. ''The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery'' (1988)

* Remini, Robert V.. ''The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery'' (1988)

* Remini, Robert V. ''Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars'' (2001)

* Remini, Robert V. ''Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars'' (2001)

* Remini, Robert V. "Andrew Jackson Versus the Cherokee Nation." ''American History'' 2001 36(3): 48-56. Issn: 1076-8866 Fulltext: in Ebsco  

* Remini, Robert V. "Andrew Jackson Versus the Cherokee Nation." ''American History'' 2001 36(3): 48–56. Issn: 1076-8866 Fulltext: in Ebsco  

* Rowland, Dunbar. ''Andrew Jackson's Campaign against the British, or, the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the Military Operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813-1815'' (1926) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77351727 online edition]

* Rowland, Dunbar. ''Andrew Jackson's Campaign against the British, or, the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the Military Operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813-1815'' (1926) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77351727 online edition]

* Satz, Ronald N.  American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era.'' (1975)

* Satz, Ronald N.  American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era.'' (1975)