Changes

The new Maryland state constitution of 1864 ended slavery and provided for the education of all children, including blacks. The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People established schools for blacks that were taken over by the public school system, which then restricted education for blacks beginning in 1867 when Democrats regained control of the city. Establishing an unequal system that prepared white students for citizenship while using education to reinforce black subjugation, Baltimore's postwar school system exposed the contradictions of race, education, and republicanism in an age when African Americans struggled to realize the ostensible freedoms gained by emancipation.<ref>Robert S. Wolff, "The Problem of Race in the Age of Freedom: Emancipation and the Transformation of Republican Schooling in Baltimore, 1860-1867," ''Civil War History'' 2006 52(3): 229-254</ref>

The new Maryland state constitution of 1864 ended slavery and provided for the education of all children, including blacks. The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People established schools for blacks that were taken over by the public school system, which then restricted education for blacks beginning in 1867 when Democrats regained control of the city. Establishing an unequal system that prepared white students for citizenship while using education to reinforce black subjugation, Baltimore's postwar school system exposed the contradictions of race, education, and republicanism in an age when African Americans struggled to realize the ostensible freedoms gained by emancipation.<ref>Robert S. Wolff, "The Problem of Race in the Age of Freedom: Emancipation and the Transformation of Republican Schooling in Baltimore, 1860-1867," ''Civil War History'' 2006 52(3): 229-254</ref>

In 1889 the university opened the Johns Hopkins Hospital Training School for Nurses. It was new and it revolutionized American health care by professionalizing nursing, then characterized by low pay, low status, long hours, and heavy work by working class women. Johns Hopkins, as well as other nursing institutions in the United States, based their reforms on Florence Nightingale's work at St. Thomas's Hospital's nursing school founded in London in 1860.

In 1889 the university opened the Johns Hopkins Hospital Training School for Nurses. It was new and it revolutionized American health care by professionalizing nursing, then characterized by low pay, low status, long hours, and heavy work by working-class women. Johns Hopkins, as well as other nursing institutions in the United States, based their reforms on Florence Nightingale's work at St. Thomas's Hospital's nursing school founded in London in 1860.

==Sports==

==Sports==

Argersinger (1988) describes the loss of power by traditional Democratic leaders and organizations in Baltimore under the [[New Deal]]. The old-line Democrats operated in the spirit of traditional political bosses who dispensed the patronage. They were, at best, lukewarm Roosevelt supporters because the New Deal threatened their monopoly on patronage. Blacks, other ethnic groups, labor, and other former supporters turned from their patrons to other leadership. Baltimore Mayor Howard W. Jackson's support gradually eroded until he was defeated in a gubernatorial primary election to choose an opponent for a Republican who earlier defeated conservative Governor Albert C. Richie. Conservative Senator Millard Tydings retained office because a Roosevelt move to purge him in 1938 backfired.<ref>Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression'' (1988)</ref>  

Argersinger (1988) describes the loss of power by traditional Democratic leaders and organizations in Baltimore under the [[New Deal]]. The old-line Democrats operated in the spirit of traditional political bosses who dispensed the patronage. They were, at best, lukewarm Roosevelt supporters because the New Deal threatened their monopoly on patronage. Blacks, other ethnic groups, labor, and other former supporters turned from their patrons to other leadership. Baltimore Mayor Howard W. Jackson's support gradually eroded until he was defeated in a gubernatorial primary election to choose an opponent for a Republican who earlier defeated conservative Governor Albert C. Richie. Conservative Senator Millard Tydings retained office because a Roosevelt move to purge him in 1938 backfired.<ref>Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression'' (1988)</ref>  

Baltimore was a major war production center in World War II. The biggest operations were Bethlehem Steel's Fairfield Yard, on the southeastern edge of the harbor, which built Liberty ships; its work force peaked at 46,700 in late 1943.  Even larger was Glenn Martin, an aircraft plant located 10 miles northeast of downtown.  By late 1943 about 150,000 to 200,000 migrant war workers had arrived. They were predominantly poor white southerners; most came from the hills of Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Tennessee. War mobilization brought federal pressure to unionize the work force, and by 1941 the leftist [[CIO]] had organized most of Baltimore's large industries, while the more conservative [[AFL]] also gained many new members.  By 1945, labor unions and ethnics had taken over local politics and liberal mayors enjoyed black as well as white support. The machine was led by Italian Catholic politicians such as  [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro, Jr., who was mayor in 1947-59;  her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, was mayor from 1967 to 1971.<ref>Pelosi married and moved to San Francisco in the late 1960s.</ref>  On the day Pelosi's father dedicated Baltimore's monument to [[Confederate]] generals [[Stonewall Jackson]] and [[Robert E. Lee]], Nancy Pelosi joined in the celebrations together with the grandchildren of Lee and Jackson.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2017/08/19/pelosis-dad-once-praised-the-lives-of-robert-e-lee-and-stonewall-jackson-at-statue-dedication/</ref>   

Baltimore was a major war production center in World War II. The biggest operations were Bethlehem Steel's Fairfield Yard, on the southeastern edge of the harbor, which built Liberty ships; its work force peaked at 46,700 in late 1943.  Even larger was Glenn Martin, an aircraft plant located 10 miles northeast of downtown.  By late 1943 about 150,000 to 200,000 migrant war workers had arrived. They were predominantly poor white southerners; most came from the hills of Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Tennessee. War mobilization brought federal pressure to unionize the work force, and by 1941 the leftist [[CIO]] had organized most of Baltimore's large industries, while the more conservative [[AFL]] also gained many new members.  By 1945, labor unions and ethnics had taken over local politics and liberal mayors enjoyed black as well as white support. The machine was led by Italian Catholic politicians such as  [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro, Jr., who was mayor in 1947–59;  her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, was mayor from 1967 to 1971.<ref>Pelosi married and moved to San Francisco in the late 1960s.</ref>  On the day Pelosi's father dedicated Baltimore's monument to [[Confederate]] generals [[Stonewall Jackson]] and [[Robert E. Lee]], Nancy Pelosi joined in the celebrations together with the grandchildren of Lee and Jackson.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2017/08/19/pelosis-dad-once-praised-the-lives-of-robert-e-lee-and-stonewall-jackson-at-statue-dedication/</ref>   

Father John F. Cronin's early confrontations with Communists in the World War II-era labor movement turned him into a leading anti-Communist in the Catholic Church and the US government during the [[Cold War]]. Father Cronin, then a leading local Catholic priest, saw a united labor movement as central to his moderate, reformist vision for Baltimore's social ills, and worked closely with anti-Communist labor leaders.<ref>Joshua B. Freeman, and Steve Rosswurm, "The Education of an Anti-Communist: Father John F. Cronin and the Baltimore Labor Movement," ''Labor History'' 1992 33(2): 217-247</ref>

Father John F. Cronin's early confrontations with Communists in the World War II-era labor movement turned him into a leading anti-Communist in the Catholic Church and the US government during the [[Cold War]]. Father Cronin, then a leading local Catholic priest, saw a united labor movement as central to his moderate, reformist vision for Baltimore's social ills, and worked closely with anti-Communist labor leaders.<ref>Joshua B. Freeman, and Steve Rosswurm, "The Education of an Anti-Communist: Father John F. Cronin and the Baltimore Labor Movement," ''Labor History'' 1992 33(2): 217-247</ref>

[[File:Baltimore rat infestations.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Baltimore rat infestations. ''Source: Baltimore Sun.'' Experts rank Baltimore "the fourth most corrupt city in the nation."<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/culture/15-most-corrupt-cities-in-america-for-2018.html/</ref> Baltimore's last Republican mayor was elected in 1967, succeeded by Congresswoman [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro who erected [[Confederate]] monuments.]]

[[File:Baltimore rat infestations.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Baltimore rat infestations. ''Source: Baltimore Sun.'' Experts rank Baltimore "the fourth most corrupt city in the nation."<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/culture/15-most-corrupt-cities-in-america-for-2018.html/</ref> Baltimore's last Republican mayor was elected in 1967, succeeded by Congresswoman [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro who erected [[Confederate]] monuments.]]

Democrat [[2020 presidential election]] candidate Sen. [[Bernie Sanders]] said of Baltimore

Democrat [[2020 presidential election]] candidate Sen. [[Bernie Sanders]] said of Baltimore

{{quotebox|Residents of Baltimore’s poorest boroughs have lifespans shorter than people living under dictatorship in [[North Korea]]. That is a disgrace.<ref>https://twitter.com/SenSanders/status/728278867639676930</ref>}} Sanders further added, "anyone who took the walk that we took around this Baltimore neighborhood would not think you’re in a wealthy nation, you'd think that you were in a [[Third World]] country”.<ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-sanders-baltimore-20151207-story.html</ref>  In a walking tour of House Oversight Committee chair [[Elijah Cummings]]' district Mayor Catherine Pugh said {{quotebox|What the hell – we should just take all this s**t down. Oooh....you can smell the rats!<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhbxLZycZwE&feature=youtu.be</ref>}}  In 2019 Baltimore Deputy Police Chief was robbed at gunpoint.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/arrests-announced-in-gunpoint-robbery-baltimore-deputy-police-commissioner</ref>  By mid year the city of Baltimore and Rep. Cummings' district was a rat infested dump with 180 homicides.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/07/video-proves-trump-right-baltimore-is-rat-infested-dump-with-180-homicides-so-far-this-year-video/</ref>. Baltimore is so infested with rodents the ''Baltimore Sun'' published a map of rat hot spot map.<ref>https://twitter.com/JackPosobiec/status/1155352238493069312</ref><ref>https://archive.fo/bn0Zx</ref>  [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]] white-flighted from Baltimore in 1962.<ref>https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/07/family-dynasty-may-boost-pelosi-to-head-of-house-2/amp/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/393128/white-flight-decimated-baltimore-businesses-long-before-rioters-showed-up/amp/</ref>

{{quotebox|Residents of Baltimore’s poorest boroughs have lifespans shorter than people living under dictatorship in [[North Korea]]. That is a disgrace.<ref>https://twitter.com/SenSanders/status/728278867639676930</ref>}} Sanders further added, "anyone who took the walk that we took around this Baltimore neighborhood would not think you’re in a wealthy nation, you'd think that you were in a [[Third World]] country”.<ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-sanders-baltimore-20151207-story.html</ref>  In a walking tour of House Oversight Committee chair [[Elijah Cummings]]' district Mayor Catherine Pugh said {{quotebox|What the hell – we should just take all this s**t down. Oooh....you can smell the rats!<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhbxLZycZwE&feature=youtu.be</ref>}}  In 2019 Baltimore Deputy Police Chief was robbed at gunpoint.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/arrests-announced-in-gunpoint-robbery-baltimore-deputy-police-commissioner</ref>  By mid year the city of Baltimore and Rep. Cummings' district was a rat infested dump with 180 homicides.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/07/video-proves-trump-right-baltimore-is-rat-infested-dump-with-180-homicides-so-far-this-year-video/</ref> Baltimore is so infested with rodents the ''Baltimore Sun'' published a map of rat hot spot map.<ref>https://twitter.com/JackPosobiec/status/1155352238493069312</ref><ref>https://archive.fo/bn0Zx</ref>  [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]] white-flighted from Baltimore in 1962.<ref>https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/07/family-dynasty-may-boost-pelosi-to-head-of-house-2/amp/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/393128/white-flight-decimated-baltimore-businesses-long-before-rioters-showed-up/amp/</ref>

=====5 year 300+ homicide rate=====

=====5 year 300+ homicide rate=====

Baltimore] has a five-year streak of more than 300 murders, with a new record set in 2019 of 348 homicides. In mid 2020 Baltimore is on pace to bust last year’s record and will see defunding of police to the effect of $22 million.

Baltimore has a five-year streak of more than 300 murders, with a new record set in 2019 of 348 homicides. In mid 2020 Baltimore is on pace to bust last year's record and will see defunding of police to the effect of $22 million.

In 2019 Baltimore Deputy Police Chief was robbed at gunpoint.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/arrests-announced-in-gunpoint-robbery-baltimore-deputy-police-commissioner</ref>  Rep. Cummings' district, using Cummings own language,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqGt4m_rODA&feature=youtu.be</ref> was a rat infested dump.  Baltimore is so infested with rodents that the ''Baltimore Sun'' published a  rat hot spot map.<ref>https://twitter.com/JackPosobiec/status/1155352238493069312</ref><ref>https://archive.fo/bn0Zx</ref>  [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]] white-flighted from Baltimore in 1962.<ref>https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/07/family-dynasty-may-boost-pelosi-to-head-of-house-2/amp/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/393128/white-flight-decimated-baltimore-businesses-long-before-rioters-showed-up/amp/</ref>  A [[sanctuary city]], illegal immigrant criminal gangs, such as [[MS-13]], roam the streets preying on other Hispanics.<ref>https://townhall.com/tipsheet/timothymeads/2019/09/09/six-illegal-immigrants-charged-in-ms-13-related-maryland-murder-n2552778</ref>  By 2018 Baltimore had over 300 homicides;  by the Fall of 2019 the city already had 240 homicides.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/07/video-proves-trump-right-baltimore-is-rat-infested-dump-with-180-homicides-so-far-this-year-video/</ref>

In 2019 Baltimore Deputy Police Chief was robbed at gunpoint.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/us/arrests-announced-in-gunpoint-robbery-baltimore-deputy-police-commissioner</ref>  Rep. Cummings' district, using Cummings own language,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqGt4m_rODA&feature=youtu.be</ref> was a rat infested dump.  Baltimore is so infested with rodents that the ''Baltimore Sun'' published a  rat hot spot map.<ref>https://twitter.com/JackPosobiec/status/1155352238493069312</ref><ref>https://archive.fo/bn0Zx</ref>  [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]] white-flighted from Baltimore in 1962.<ref>https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/07/family-dynasty-may-boost-pelosi-to-head-of-house-2/amp/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/393128/white-flight-decimated-baltimore-businesses-long-before-rioters-showed-up/amp/</ref>  A [[sanctuary city]], illegal immigrant criminal gangs, such as [[MS-13]], roam the streets preying on other Hispanics.<ref>https://townhall.com/tipsheet/timothymeads/2019/09/09/six-illegal-immigrants-charged-in-ms-13-related-maryland-murder-n2552778</ref>  By 2018 Baltimore had over 300 homicides;  by the Fall of 2019 the city already had 240 homicides.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/07/video-proves-trump-right-baltimore-is-rat-infested-dump-with-180-homicides-so-far-this-year-video/</ref>