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[[Young earth creationism|Many scientists]] assert that [[materialism|materialistic]] explanations of galaxy formation are unsupportable and counter evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences22.html|title=In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 62. Galaxies|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=creationscience.com|date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://answersingenesis.org/big-bang/young-galaxies-too-old-for-the-big-bang/|title=Young Galaxies Too Old for the Big Bang|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=answersingenesis.org|date=2004-06-01|author=Andrew Rigg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creation.com/phoenix-galaxy-stars-explode-stellar-evolution-theory|title=Phoenix Galaxy stars explode stellar evolution theory|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=creation.com|author=Rod Bernitt|date=August 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/cosmology/galaxy-games/|title=Galaxy Games|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=anwersingenesis.org|date=2004-12-01|author=Andrew Rigg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creation.com/early-galaxies-don-t-fit|title=‘Early’ galaxies don’t fit!|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=creation.com|date=March 2003|author=Andy McIntosh and Carl Wieland}}</ref> In 1988, fifty cosmologists attended a conference which focused on galaxy formation. After summarizing the observational data, two of the most respected scientists estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct was about 1 out of 100.<ref name=fast_binaries>{{cite web|url=http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721|title=In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 60. Fast Binaries|accessdate=2019-09-15|publisher=creationscience.com}}</ref> In 1999, J. Bland-Hawthorn wrote in the science journal [[Nature]] the following:

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|last1=Bland-Hawthorn |first1=J.