Changes

Mayne's poem inspired [[Robert Burns]] to write "Hallowe’en" in 1785. Burns is sometimes described as, "Scotland's favorite son." He gave an extended description of the celebration. "Upon that night, when fairies light," according to the poem. Burns's Halloween mentions fairies and mischief making, but also cutting apples and winnowing corn. This suggests that harvest festival rituals transferred to the holiday from Samhain.<ref>[https://interestingliterature.com/2018/10/a-short-analysis-of-robert-burns-halloween/ A Short Analysis of Robert Burns’s ‘Halloween’]", ''Interesting Literature''</ref>

Mayne's poem inspired [[Robert Burns]] to write "Hallowe’en" in 1785. Burns is sometimes described as, "Scotland's favorite son." He gave an extended description of the celebration. "Upon that night, when fairies light," according to the poem. Burns's Halloween mentions fairies and mischief making, but also cutting apples and winnowing corn. This suggests that harvest festival rituals transferred to the holiday from Samhain.<ref>[https://interestingliterature.com/2018/10/a-short-analysis-of-robert-burns-halloween/ A Short Analysis of Robert Burns’s ‘Halloween’]", ''Interesting Literature''</ref>

===Victorians revive the holiday===

===American Halloween===

[[File:Halloween.jpg|thumb|left]]By the middle of the century, Americans substituted pumpkins for turnips and secular costumes for those of saints. A book published in 1887 shows pictures of Victorian Halloween costumes.<ref>Holt, Ardern, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (1887). See "[https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52990/26-halloween-costume-ideas-1887-guide-fancy-dress 26 Halloween Costume Ideas from an 1887 Guide to Fancy Dress]."</ref> By the 1920s, there were community efforts to sanitize the carnival spirit and reduce vandalism. Trick-or-treating became common around 1940. It further transformed Halloween into a rite of consumerism and moving the age profile to younger children.

[[File:Halloween.jpg|thumb|left]]In popular history, the origin of Halloween is connected to Ireland and to Irish immigration to the United States. In her thesis, Karen Hybertsen argues that the holiday entered mainstream American culture in the late 19th century and in Protestant settings.<ref>Hybertsen (1993), p. 10.</ref> This suggests that Victorian revivalism is a more likely source of the holiday than Irish immigration.<ref>An illustrated 1887 book of Halloween costumes is a example of such revivalism. (Holt, Ardern, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (1887). See "[https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52990/26-halloween-costume-ideas-1887-guide-fancy-dress 26 Halloween Costume Ideas from an 1887 Guide to Fancy Dress].")</ref>  

 

By the middle of the 19th century, Americans substituted pumpkins for turnips and secular costumes for those of saints. By the 1920s, there were community efforts to sanitize the carnival spirit and reduce vandalism. Trick-or-treating became common around 1940. It further transformed Halloween into a rite of consumerism and moving the age profile to younger children.

===World War II===

===World War II===