Changes

==Demography==

==Demography==

Although originally settled by Yankees, the railroads, stockyards, and other heavy industry of the late 19th century attracted a variety of skilled workers from Europe, especially Germans, English, Swedish and Dutch, as well as unskilled Irish Catholics. From 1890-1914 migrations swelled, attracting especially unskilled workers from Eastern and Southern Europe, including Poles, Lithuanians, Croatians, Czechs, Greeks, Italians and Jews among others.  World War I cut off immigrations from Europe, and restrictions in the 1920s slowed the European influx to a trickle, apart from refugees after World War II.  During both world wars poor Americans arrived from the South—whites from Appalachia and blacks from the cotton fields due south.  The near south side was the first Black area, and it continued to expand, as did the black neighborhoods on the near west side.  These were segregated areas (few blacks were tolerated in white neighborhoods), and after 1950 public housing high rises anchored poor black neighborhoods south and west of the Loop.

Although originally settled by Yankees, the railroads, stockyards, and other heavy industry of the late 19th century attracted a variety of skilled workers from Europe, especially Germans, English, Swedish and Dutch, as well as unskilled Irish Catholics. From 1890 to 1914 migrations swelled, attracting especially unskilled workers from Eastern and Southern Europe, including Poles, Lithuanians, Croatians, Czechs, Greeks, Italians and Jews among others.  World War I cut off immigrations from Europe, and restrictions in the 1920s slowed the European influx to a trickle, apart from refugees after World War II.  During both world wars poor Americans arrived from the South—whites from Appalachia and blacks from the cotton fields due south.  The near south side was the first Black area, and it continued to expand, as did the black neighborhoods on the near west side.  These were segregated areas (few blacks were tolerated in white neighborhoods), and after 1950 public housing high rises anchored poor black neighborhoods south and west of the Loop.

Old stock Americans who relocated to Chicago after 1900 preferred the outlying areas and suburbs, making Oak Park and Evanston enclaves of the upper middle class. The lakefront north of the Loop saw construction of high-rise luxury apartments starting in the 1910s, and continuing into the 21st century.  The high-rises had wealthy residents but few children, since the city had an abysmal public school system, a large parochial system of middling quality for the Catholics, and few upscale private schools. The northern and western suburbs boasted some of the best public schools in the nation.  The suburban trend accelerated after 1945, with middle class Chicagoans headed to the outlying areas of the city, and then pouring into the Cook County and Dupage County suburbs.  Jews and Irish in particular rose sharply in status, leaving slums and heading north. Well educated migrants from around the country moved to the far suburbs.   

Old stock Americans who relocated to Chicago after 1900 preferred the outlying areas and suburbs, making Oak Park and Evanston enclaves of the upper middle class. The lakefront north of the Loop saw construction of high-rise luxury apartments starting in the 1910s, and continuing into the 21st century.  The high-rises had wealthy residents but few children, since the city had an abysmal public school system, a large parochial system of middling quality for the Catholics, and few upscale private schools. The northern and western suburbs boasted some of the best public schools in the nation.  The suburban trend accelerated after 1945, with middle class Chicagoans headed to the outlying areas of the city, and then pouring into the Cook County and Dupage County suburbs.  Jews and Irish in particular rose sharply in status, leaving slums and heading north. Well educated migrants from around the country moved to the far suburbs.   

==History==

==History==

Chicago's locational advantage is the link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River system. Its first permanent resident, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Frenchman West Indian and African descent, and operated an fur-trading 1780-1800. The U.S. government erected Fort Dearborn in 1803 three years later. In the War of 1812 it was captured by Indians and the residents massacred. After 1830 the rich farmlands of Northern Illinois attracted Yankee settlers. Yankee real estate operators created a city overnight in the 1830s. Hundreds of wagons a day of farm produce arrived, so the entrepreneurs built grain elevators and docks to load ships bound for points east.  By the 1850s the railroads made Chicago a major hub with over 30 lines. The main lines from the East ended in Chicago, and those oriented to the West began in Chicago, so the city became the nation's trans-shipment and warehousing center by 1860. Factories were created, most famously the harvester factory opened in 1847 by [[Cyrus Hall McCormick]]. The Wisconsin forests supported the mill-work and lumber business; the Illinois hinterland provided the wheat, as well as hogs and cattle that were slaughtered, preserved in salt and shipped east; by 1870 refrigerated cars allowed fresh meat to ship.  

Chicago's locational advantage is the link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River system. Its first permanent resident, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Frenchman West Indian and African descent, and operated an fur-trading 1780–1800. The U.S. government erected Fort Dearborn in 1803 three years later. In the War of 1812 it was captured by Indians and the residents massacred. After 1830 the rich farmlands of Northern Illinois attracted Yankee settlers. Yankee real estate operators created a city overnight in the 1830s. Hundreds of wagons a day of farm produce arrived, so the entrepreneurs built grain elevators and docks to load ships bound for points east.  By the 1850s the railroads made Chicago a major hub with over 30 lines. The main lines from the East ended in Chicago, and those oriented to the West began in Chicago, so the city became the nation's trans-shipment and warehousing center by 1860. Factories were created, most famously the harvester factory opened in 1847 by [[Cyrus Hall McCormick]]. The Wisconsin forests supported the mill-work and lumber business; the Illinois hinterland provided the wheat, as well as hogs and cattle that were slaughtered, preserved in salt and shipped east; by 1870 refrigerated cars allowed fresh meat to ship.  

As the city grew large numbers of Irish Catholics and Germans arrived. Their saloons became the focus of attacks by the Know-Nothing Party, which was anti-immigration and anti-liquor, and called for the purification of politics by reducing the power of the saloon-keepers. In 1855, the new party elected Levi Boone mayor and he banned Sunday sales of liquor and beer, angering the Germans who frequented beer gardens, and Irish who frequented saloons.  Law enforcement resulted in the Lager Beer Riot of April 1855, which erupted outside a courthouse where eight Germans were being tried for liquor ordinance violations. After the Civil War, saloons became community centers only for local ethnic men, as reformers saw them as places that incited riotous behavior and moral decay.

As the city grew large numbers of Irish Catholics and Germans arrived. Their saloons became the focus of attacks by the Know-Nothing Party, which was anti-immigration and anti-liquor, and called for the purification of politics by reducing the power of the saloon-keepers. In 1855, the new party elected Levi Boone mayor and he banned Sunday sales of liquor and beer, angering the Germans who frequented beer gardens, and Irish who frequented saloons.  Law enforcement resulted in the Lager Beer Riot of April 1855, which erupted outside a courthouse where eight Germans were being tried for liquor ordinance violations. After the Civil War, saloons became community centers only for local ethnic men, as reformers saw them as places that incited riotous behavior and moral decay.

[[File:Chicago up town theatre.jpg|thumb|Up Town Theatre.]]

[[File:Chicago up town theatre.jpg|thumb|Up Town Theatre.]]

====Business====

====Business====

[[Samuel Insull]] (1859 – 1938), born poor in England, built a great electrical empire in the city (notably "Commonwealth Edison", a giant utility formed in 1907<ref>It is now part of Exelon Corporation, and serves 3.8 million customers in Chicago and northern Illinois.</ref>) and electrified much of the Midwest, 1910-1929.  His empire collapsed in the Great Depression, for which he was blamed and put on trial by the [[New Deal]]; he was acquitted.  

[[Samuel Insull]] (1859 – 1938), born poor in England, built a great electrical empire in the city (notably "Commonwealth Edison", a giant utility formed in 1907<ref>It is now part of Exelon Corporation, and serves 3.8 million customers in Chicago and northern Illinois.</ref>) and electrified much of the Midwest, 1910–1929.  His empire collapsed in the Great Depression, for which he was blamed and put on trial by the [[New Deal]]; he was acquitted.  

Chicago, along with New York, was the center of the nation's advertising industry. [[Albert Lasker]] (1880-1952), known as the "father of modern advertising" made Chicago his base 1898-1942. As head of Lord and Thomas, Lasker devised a copywriting technique that appealed directly to the psychology of the consumer.  Women seldom smoked cigarettes; he told them if they smoked Lucky Strikes they could stay slender.  Lasker's use of radio, particularly with his campaigns for Palmolive soap, Pepsodent toothpaste, Kotex products, and Lucky Strike cigarettes, not only revolutionized the advertising industry but also significantly changed popular culture.

Chicago, along with New York, was the center of the nation's advertising industry. [[Albert Lasker]] (1880-1952), known as the "father of modern advertising" made Chicago his base 1898–1942. As head of Lord and Thomas, Lasker devised a copywriting technique that appealed directly to the psychology of the consumer.  Women seldom smoked cigarettes; he told them if they smoked Lucky Strikes they could stay slender.  Lasker's use of radio, particularly with his campaigns for Palmolive soap, Pepsodent toothpaste, Kotex products, and Lucky Strike cigarettes, not only revolutionized the advertising industry but also significantly changed popular culture.

====Labor====

====Labor====

===Since 1940===

===Since 1940===

====Politics====

====Politics====

Many recent [[mayor]]s of Chicago belonged to the [[Democratic Party]].  The current mayor of Chicago is [[Rahm Emanuel]].  Before him, [[Richard M. Daley]] (b. 1942), who was elected in 1989, was mayor until 2011.  His father, [[Richard J. Daley]] (1902-1976), was mayor from 1955-1976, and controlled the powerful Cook County Democratic organization, called "the machine." <ref>http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Chicago7/Daley2.html</ref> Current President [[Barack Obama]] spent his politically formative years as a city planner "foot soldier" for the Democratic machine, an experience that deeply affected his political methods and radical beliefs later in life.

Many recent [[mayor]]s of Chicago belonged to the [[Democratic Party]].  The current mayor of Chicago is [[Rahm Emanuel]].  Before him, [[Richard M. Daley]] (b. 1942), who was elected in 1989, was mayor until 2011.  His father, [[Richard J. Daley]] (1902-1976), was mayor from 1955 to 1976, and controlled the powerful Cook County Democratic organization, called "the machine." <ref>http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Chicago7/Daley2.html</ref> Current President [[Barack Obama]] spent his politically formative years as a city planner "foot soldier" for the Democratic machine, an experience that deeply affected his political methods and radical beliefs later in life.

The city hosted the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] when Richard J. Daley was mayor.  The convention was disrupted by radicals such as [[Abbie Hoffman]].

The city hosted the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] when Richard J. Daley was mayor.  The convention was disrupted by radicals such as [[Abbie Hoffman]].

====Lightfoot era====

====Lightfoot era====

In May 2021 Chicago [[NBC]]5 reported mayor Lori Lightfoot refused to do interviews with white people.<ref>https://twitter.com/RitaPanahi/status/1394813036741885954</ref>  The report was confirmed by Chicago [[PBS]] station WTTW.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/19/reporters-say-chicago-mayor-lightfoot-limiting-interviews-to-black-and-brown-journalists-1076308/</ref>  The formal announcement said Lightfoot would only grant interviews to "Black and brown" reports.  Lightfoot complained bitterly about the "whiteness and maleness" of Chicago's [[liberal media]] which had only aided in her election.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/20/lightfoot-defends-her-bigotry-slams-overwhelming-whiteness-and-maleness-of-chicago-media-outlets-1076689/</ref>  ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporter Gregory Pratt, a [[Latino]] was granted an interview and asked the mayor’s office to lift its exclusion others.  When the mayor's office refused, Pratt protested the [[racist]] policy and canceled the interview.  A Chicago WGN anchor and a ''[[Washington Post]]'' reporter supported the ''Tribune'''s action and called on all reporters to boycott the mayor's office racist policies.<ref>https://therightscoop.com/cancel-back-after-mayor-lightfoot-cancels-white-reporters-one-hispanic-reporter-cancels-her-in-return/</ref>  The National Association of Black Journalists issued a statement: "that NABJ’s history of advocacy does not support excluding any bona fide journalists from one-on-one interviews with newsmakers, even if it is for one day and in support of activism...We have members from all races and backgrounds and diversity, equity and inclusion must be universal."<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/21/black-journalists-group-reluctantly-says-it-cannot-support-chicago-mayors-bigotry-against-white-scribes-1077398/</ref>  Former Rep. [[Tulsi Gabbard]] who excoriated [[Hillary Clinton]] as "the personification of the rot that has sickened the Democratic party", called upon Lightfoot to resign. "I call upon [[Joe Biden|President Biden]], [[Kamala Harris]], and other leaders of our county—of all races—to join me in calling for Mayor Lightfoot's resignation.<ref>https://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2021/05/21/tulsi-gabbard-calls-on-chicago-mayor-to-resign-over-antiwhite-racism-n2589828</ref>

In May 2021 Chicago [[NBC]]5 reported mayor Lori Lightfoot refused to do interviews with white people.<ref>https://twitter.com/RitaPanahi/status/1394813036741885954</ref>  The report was confirmed by Chicago [[PBS]] station WTTW.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/19/reporters-say-chicago-mayor-lightfoot-limiting-interviews-to-black-and-brown-journalists-1076308/</ref>  The formal announcement said Lightfoot would only grant interviews to "Black and brown" reports.  Lightfoot complained bitterly about the "whiteness and maleness" of Chicago's [[liberal media]] which had only aided in her election.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/20/lightfoot-defends-her-bigotry-slams-overwhelming-whiteness-and-maleness-of-chicago-media-outlets-1076689/</ref>  ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporter Gregory Pratt, a [[Latino]] was granted an interview and asked the mayor's office to lift its exclusion others.  When the mayor's office refused, Pratt protested the [[racist]] policy and canceled the interview.  A Chicago WGN anchor and a ''[[Washington Post]]'' reporter supported the ''Tribune'''s action and called on all reporters to boycott the mayor's office racist policies.<ref>https://therightscoop.com/cancel-back-after-mayor-lightfoot-cancels-white-reporters-one-hispanic-reporter-cancels-her-in-return/</ref>  The National Association of Black Journalists issued a statement: "that NABJ’s history of advocacy does not support excluding any bona fide journalists from one-on-one interviews with newsmakers, even if it is for one day and in support of activism...We have members from all races and backgrounds and diversity, equity and inclusion must be universal."<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/21/black-journalists-group-reluctantly-says-it-cannot-support-chicago-mayors-bigotry-against-white-scribes-1077398/</ref>  Former Rep. [[Tulsi Gabbard]] who excoriated [[Hillary Clinton]] as "the personification of the rot that has sickened the Democratic party", called upon Lightfoot to resign. "I call upon [[Joe Biden|President Biden]], [[Kamala Harris]], and other leaders of our county—of all races—to join me in calling for Mayor Lightfoot's resignation.<ref>https://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2021/05/21/tulsi-gabbard-calls-on-chicago-mayor-to-resign-over-antiwhite-racism-n2589828</ref>

===Biden Putsch===

===Biden Putsch===

[[File:Benford's Law Chicago.png|right|300px|thumb|[[Benford's Law]] says [[Joe Biden]]'s vote in the [[2020 presidential election]] is a statistical impossibility.<ref>https://theredelephants.com/there-is-undeniable-mathematical-evidence-the-election-is-being-stolen/</ref>]]

[[File:Benford's Law Chicago.png|right|300px|thumb|[[Benford's Law]] says [[Joe Biden]]'s vote in the [[2020 presidential election]] is a statistical impossibility.<ref>https://theredelephants.com/there-is-undeniable-mathematical-evidence-the-election-is-being-stolen/</ref>]]

:{{See also|Democrat voter fraud|Biden Putsch}}

:{{See also|Democrat voter fraud|Biden Putsch}}

Former Illinois governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] explained that there is no question that [[voter fraud]] was happening in [[Chicago]],  [[Philadelphia]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Detroit]], and other cities.  

Former Illinois governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] explained that there is no question that [[voter fraud]] was happening in Chicago,  [[Philadelphia]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Detroit]], and other cities.  

{{quotebox-float|“In big cities where they control the political apparatus and they control the apparatus that counts the votes, and they control the polling places and the ones who count the votes, it’s widespread and it’s deep.”<ref>https://theredelephants.com/there-is-undeniable-mathematical-evidence-the-election-is-being-stolen/</ref>}}

{{quotebox-float|“In big cities where they control the political apparatus and they control the apparatus that counts the votes, and they control the polling places and the ones who count the votes, it’s widespread and it’s deep.”<ref>https://theredelephants.com/there-is-undeniable-mathematical-evidence-the-election-is-being-stolen/</ref>}}

====Geography, region, housing====

====Geography, region, housing====

* Barrett, Paul.  ''The Automobile and Urban Transit: The Formation of Public Policy in Chicago, 1900-1930.'' (1983). 295 pp.   

* Barrett, Paul.  ''The Automobile and Urban Transit: The Formation of Public Policy in Chicago, 1900-1930.'' (1983). 295 pp.   

* Betancur, John J. "The Settlement Experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, Speculation, and the Ecology Model." ''Social Forces'' 1996 74(4): 1299-1324. Issn: 0037-7732 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-7732(199606)74%3A4%3C1299%3ATSEOLI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L  Jstor]  

* Betancur, John J. "The Settlement Experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, Speculation, and the Ecology Model." ''Social Forces'' 1996 74(4): 1299–1324. Issn: 0037-7732 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-7732(199606)74%3A4%3C1299%3ATSEOLI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L  Jstor]  

* Bigott, Joseph C. ''From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Classes in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869-1929'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Cottage-Bungalow-Metropolitan-1869-1929-Architecture/dp/0226048756/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198670620&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Bigott, Joseph C. ''From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Classes in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869-1929'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Cottage-Bungalow-Metropolitan-1869-1929-Architecture/dp/0226048756/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198670620&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Bronsky, Eric, Neal Samors and Jennifer Samors. ''Downtown Chicago in Transition'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Downtown-Chicago-Transition-Bronsky-Samors/dp/0979789206/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198575167&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]

* Bronsky, Eric, Neal Samors and Jennifer Samors. ''Downtown Chicago in Transition'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Downtown-Chicago-Transition-Bronsky-Samors/dp/0979789206/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198575167&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]

*  Garb, Margaret.  ''City of American Dreams: A History of Home Ownership and Housing Reform in Chicago, 1871-1919.'' (2005). 261 pp.   

*  Garb, Margaret.  ''City of American Dreams: A History of Home Ownership and Housing Reform in Chicago, 1871-1919.'' (2005). 261 pp.   

* Keating, Ann Durkin.  ''Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis.'' (1988). 230 pp.   

* Keating, Ann Durkin.  ''Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis.'' (1988). 230 pp.   

* Keating, Ann Durkin. "Chicagoland: More than the Sum of its Parts." ''Journal of Urban History'' 2004 30(2): 213-230. Issn: 0096-1442 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Keating, Ann Durkin. "Chicagoland: More than the Sum of its Parts." ''Journal of Urban History'' 2004 30(2): 213–230. Issn: 0096-1442 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

*  Mayer,  Harold M., and Richard C. Wade. ''Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis'' (1969)  510pp

*  Mayer,  Harold M., and Richard C. Wade. ''Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis'' (1969)  510pp

* Pacyga, Dominic A. and Skerrett, Ellen.  ''Chicago: City of Neighborhoods. Histories and Tours.'' (1986). 582 pp.   

* Pacyga, Dominic A. and Skerrett, Ellen.  ''Chicago: City of Neighborhoods. Histories and Tours.'' (1986). 582 pp.   

* Merriam, Charles Edward. ''Chicago: A More Intimate View of Urban Politics'' (1929) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/chicago-a-more-intimate-view-of-urban-politics-by-charles-edward-merriam.jsp online edition]

* Merriam, Charles Edward. ''Chicago: A More Intimate View of Urban Politics'' (1929) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/chicago-a-more-intimate-view-of-urban-politics-by-charles-edward-merriam.jsp online edition]

* Miller, Kristie. ''Ruth Hanna Mccormick: A Life in Politics, 1880-1944'' (1992)

* Miller, Kristie. ''Ruth Hanna Mccormick: A Life in Politics, 1880-1944'' (1992)

* Morton, Richard Allen. ''Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive'' (1997), 174pp Democrfatic mayor 1905-7 and governor 1913-17.

* Morton, Richard Allen. ''Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive'' (1997), 174pp Democrfatic mayor 1905-7 and governor 1913–17.

*  Peterson, Paul E.  ''The Politics of School Reform, 1870-1940.'' (1985). 241 pp.   

*  Peterson, Paul E.  ''The Politics of School Reform, 1870-1940.'' (1985). 241 pp.   

* Pinderhughes, Dianne M.  ''Race and Ethnicity in Chicago Politics: A Reexamination of Pluralist Theory.'' (1987). 318 pp.   

* Pinderhughes, Dianne M.  ''Race and Ethnicity in Chicago Politics: A Reexamination of Pluralist Theory.'' (1987). 318 pp.   

====Crime, law and disaster ====

====Crime, law and disaster ====

* Adler, Jeffrey S.  ''First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920.'' (2006). 357 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/First-Violence-Deepest-Dirt-Homicide/dp/0674021495/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198610340&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Adler, Jeffrey S.  ''First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920.'' (2006). 357 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/First-Violence-Deepest-Dirt-Homicide/dp/0674021495/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198610340&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Adler, Jeffrey S. "'We've Got a Right to Fight; We're Married': Domestic Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 2003 34(1): 27-48. Issn: 0022-1953 Fulltext: Project Muse

* Adler, Jeffrey S. "'We've Got a Right to Fight; We're Married': Domestic Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 2003 34(1): 27–48. Issn: 0022-1953 Fulltext: Project Muse

* Avrich, Paul. ''The Haymarket Tragedy'' (1984) [https://www.amazon.com/Haymarket-Tragedy-Paul-Avrich/dp/0691006008/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198669133&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Avrich, Paul. ''The Haymarket Tragedy'' (1984) [https://www.amazon.com/Haymarket-Tragedy-Paul-Avrich/dp/0691006008/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198669133&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Bales, Richard F.  ''The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow.'' (2002). 338 pp.   

* Bales, Richard F.  ''The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow.'' (2002). 338 pp.   

====Environment====

====Environment====

* Cain, Louis P.  ''Sanitation Strategy for a Lakefront Metropolis: The Case of Chicago.'' (1978). 141 pp.   

* Cain, Louis P.  ''Sanitation Strategy for a Lakefront Metropolis: The Case of Chicago.'' (1978). 141 pp.   

* Capano, Daniel E. "Chicago's War with Water." ''American Heritage of Invention & Technology'' 2003 18(4): 50-58. Issn: 8756-7296 [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/4/2003_4_50.shtml full text online]

* Capano, Daniel E. "Chicago's War with Water." ''American Heritage of Invention & Technology'' 2003 18(4): 50–58. Issn: 8756-7296 [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/4/2003_4_50.shtml full text online]

* O'Connell, James C.  ''Chicago's Quest for Pure Water.'' (1976).   

* O'Connell, James C.  ''Chicago's Quest for Pure Water.'' (1976).   

* Pellow, David Naguib.  ''Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago.'' (2002). 234 pp.   

* Pellow, David Naguib.  ''Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago.'' (2002). 234 pp.   

* Barrett, James. ''Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894--1922'' (1987), [https://www.amazon.com/Work-Community-Jungle-Packinghouse-1894-1922/dp/0252061365/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198680212&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Barrett, James. ''Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894--1922'' (1987), [https://www.amazon.com/Work-Community-Jungle-Packinghouse-1894-1922/dp/0252061365/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198680212&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Beijbom, Ulf.  ''Swedes in Chicago: A Demographic and Social Study of the 1846-1880 Immigration.'' (1971). 381 pp  

* Beijbom, Ulf.  ''Swedes in Chicago: A Demographic and Social Study of the 1846-1880 Immigration.'' (1971). 381 pp  

* Betancur, John J. "The Settlement Experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, Speculation, and the Ecology Model." ''Social Forces'' 1996 74(4): 1299-1324. Issn: 0037-7732 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-7732(199606)74%3A4%3C1299%3ATSEOLI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L  Jstor]  

* Betancur, John J. "The Settlement Experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, Speculation, and the Ecology Model." ''Social Forces'' 1996 74(4): 1299–1324. Issn: 0037-7732 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-7732(199606)74%3A4%3C1299%3ATSEOLI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L  Jstor]  

* Bowly Jr., Devereux ''The Poorhouse: Subsidized Housing in Chicago, 1895-1976'' (1978) [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Devereux Bowly Jr.&dcontributors=Devereux+Bowly+Jr. online edition]

* Bowly Jr., Devereux ''The Poorhouse: Subsidized Housing in Chicago, 1895-1976'' (1978) [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Devereux Bowly Jr.&dcontributors=Devereux+Bowly+Jr. online edition]

* Candeloro, Dominic.  ''Italians in Chicago.'' (1999). 128 pp.   

* Candeloro, Dominic.  ''Italians in Chicago.'' (1999). 128 pp.   

* Lovoll, Odd S.  ''A Century of Urban Life: The Norwegians in Chicago before 1930.'' (1988). 367 pp.   

* Lovoll, Odd S.  ''A Century of Urban Life: The Norwegians in Chicago before 1930.'' (1988). 367 pp.   

*  McCaffrey, Lawrence J.; Skerrett, Ellen; Funchion, Michael F.; and Fanning, Charles.  ''The Irish in Chicago.'' (1987). 171 pp.   

*  McCaffrey, Lawrence J.; Skerrett, Ellen; Funchion, Michael F.; and Fanning, Charles.  ''The Irish in Chicago.'' (1987). 171 pp.   

*  Nelli, Humbert S.  ''The Italians in Chicago: A Study in Ethnic Mobility, 1880-1930.'' (1970). 300 pp.   

*  Nelli, Humbert S.  ''The Italians in Chicago: A Study in Ethnic Mobility, 1880–1930.'' (1970). 300 pp.   

* Pacyga, Dominic A.  ''Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880-1920.'' (1991). 322 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Polish-Immigrants-Industrial-Chicago-1880-1922/dp/0226644243/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198664960&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Pacyga, Dominic A.  ''Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880–1920.'' (1991). 322 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Polish-Immigrants-Industrial-Chicago-1880-1922/dp/0226644243/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198664960&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

*  Padilla, Felix M.  ''Puerto Rican Chicago.'' (1987). 277 pp.   

*  Padilla, Felix M.  ''Puerto Rican Chicago.'' (1987). 277 pp.   

*  Parot, Joseph John.  ''Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850-1920: A Religious History.'' (1982) 298 pp.   

*  Parot, Joseph John.  ''Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850-1920: A Religious History.'' (1982) 298 pp.   

* Philpott, Thomas Lee.  ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930.'' (1978). 437 pp.   

* Philpott, Thomas Lee.  ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880–1930.'' (1978). 437 pp.   

* Posadas, Barbara M. "Crossed Boundaries in Interracial Chicago: Filipino American Families since 1925," in ''Unequal Sisters: A Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History'', ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (1994), 319+.

* Posadas, Barbara M. "Crossed Boundaries in Interracial Chicago: Filipino American Families since 1925," in ''Unequal Sisters: A Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History'', ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (1994), 319+.

* Rangaswamy, Padma.  ''Namasté America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis.'' 2000. 366 pp.   

* Rangaswamy, Padma.  ''Namasté America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis.'' 2000. 366 pp.   

* Robertson, Darrel M.  ''The Chicago Revival, 1876: Society and Revivalism in a Nineteenth century City.'' (1989). 225 pp.   

* Robertson, Darrel M.  ''The Chicago Revival, 1876: Society and Revivalism in a Nineteenth century City.'' (1989). 225 pp.   

*  Sanders, James W.  ''The Education of an Urban Minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965.'' (1977). 278 pp.   

*  Sanders, James W.  ''The Education of an Urban Minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833–1965.'' (1977). 278 pp.   

* Shanabruch, Charles.  ''Chicago's Catholics: The Evolution of an American Identity.'' (1981). 296 pp.   

* Shanabruch, Charles.  ''Chicago's Catholics: The Evolution of an American Identity.'' (1981). 296 pp.   

* Shaw, Stephen J.  ''The Catholic Parish as a Way-Station of Ethnicity and Americanization: Chicago's Germans and Italians, 1903-1939.''(1991). 206 pp.   

* Shaw, Stephen J.  ''The Catholic Parish as a Way-Station of Ethnicity and Americanization: Chicago's Germans and Italians, 1903–1939.''(1991). 206 pp.   

*  Swierenga, Robert P.  ''Dutch Chicago: A History of the Hollanders in the Windy City.'' (2002). 825 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Chicago-Hollanders-Historical-Reformed/dp/0802813119/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198592252&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]

*  Swierenga, Robert P.  ''Dutch Chicago: A History of the Hollanders in the Windy City.'' (2002). 825 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Chicago-Hollanders-Historical-Reformed/dp/0802813119/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198592252&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]

* Tischauser, Leslie V.  ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914-1941.'' (1990). 282 pp.   

* Tischauser, Leslie V.  ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941.'' (1990). 282 pp.   

* Tuttle, William M., Jr.  ''Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919.'' (1970). 305 pp.   

* Tuttle, William M., Jr.  ''Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919.'' (1970). 305 pp.   

* Wade, Louise Carroll.  ''Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1987). 423 pp.   

* Wade, Louise Carroll.  ''Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1987). 423 pp.   

====Sports, entertainment, music, newspapers====

====Sports, entertainment, music, newspapers====

* Kenney, William Howland.  ''Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904-1930.'' (1993). 233 pp.  

* Kenney, William Howland.  ''Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904–1930.'' (1993). 233 pp.  

* Kinsley, Philip. ''The Chicago Tribune: Its First Hundred Years'' (1943) [http://www.questia.com/read/55479945 online edition]

* Kinsley, Philip. ''The Chicago Tribune: Its First Hundred Years'' (1943) [http://www.questia.com/read/55479945 online edition]

* Sengstock, Charles A., Jr.  ''That Toddlin' Town: Chicago's White Dance Bands and Orchestras, 1900-1950.'' (2004). 244 pp.   

* Sengstock, Charles A., Jr.  ''That Toddlin' Town: Chicago's White Dance Bands and Orchestras, 1900–1950.'' (2004). 244 pp.   

*  Smith, Richard Norton.  ''The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880-1955.'' (1997). 597 pp.   

*  Smith, Richard Norton.  ''The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955.'' (1997). 597 pp.   

* Spirou, Costas and Bennett, Larry.  ''It's Hardly Sportin': Stadiums, Neighborhoods, and the New Chicago.'' (2003). 212 pp.   

* Spirou, Costas and Bennett, Larry.  ''It's Hardly Sportin': Stadiums, Neighborhoods, and the New Chicago.'' (2003). 212 pp.   

* Vaillant, Derek.  ''Sounds of Reform: Progressivism & Music in Chicago, 1873-1935.'' (2003). 401 pp.   

* Vaillant, Derek.  ''Sounds of Reform: Progressivism & Music in Chicago, 1873–1935.'' (2003). 401 pp.   

* Ziemba, Joe.  ''When Football Was Football: The Chicago Cardinals and the Birth of the NFL.'' (1999). 408 pp.   

* Ziemba, Joe.  ''When Football Was Football: The Chicago Cardinals and the Birth of the NFL.'' (1999). 408 pp.   

====Reputation, images, visions, planning====

====Reputation, images, visions, planning====

* Fairfield, John D.  ''The Mysteries of the Great City: The Politics of Urban Design, 1877-1937.'' (1993). 320 pp.   

* Fairfield, John D.  ''The Mysteries of the Great City: The Politics of Urban Design, 1877–1937.'' (1993). 320 pp.   

* Flanagan, Maureen A.  ''Seeing with Their Hearts: Chicago Women and the Vision of the Good City, 1871-1933.'' (2002). 319 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Their-Hearts-Chicago-1871-1933/dp/0691095396/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198610340&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Flanagan, Maureen A.  ''Seeing with Their Hearts: Chicago Women and the Vision of the Good City, 1871–1933.'' (2002). 319 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Their-Hearts-Chicago-1871-1933/dp/0691095396/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198610340&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Hines, Thomas S.  ''Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner.'' (1974). 445 pp.   

* Hines, Thomas S.  ''Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner.'' (1974). 445 pp.   

*  Miller, Ross.  ''American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Myth of Chicago.'' 1990. 287 pp.   

*  Miller, Ross.  ''American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Myth of Chicago.'' 1990. 287 pp.   

* Ciccone, F. Richard ''Royko: A Life in Print'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/100247911 online edition]

* Ciccone, F. Richard ''Royko: A Life in Print'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/100247911 online edition]

*  Smith, Carl S.  ''Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880-1920.'' (1984). 232 pp.   

*  Smith, Carl S.  ''Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880–1920.'' (1984). 232 pp.   

*  Spears, Timothy B.  ''Chicago Dreaming: Midwesterners and the City, 1871-1919.'' (2005). 322 pp.   

*  Spears, Timothy B.  ''Chicago Dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919.'' (2005). 322 pp.   

* Williams, Kenny J.  ''A Storyteller and a City: Sherwood Anderson's Chicago.'' (1988). 314 pp.   

* Williams, Kenny J.  ''A Storyteller and a City: Sherwood Anderson's Chicago.'' (1988). 314 pp.   

* Williams, Kenny J. and Duffy, Bernard, eds.  ''Chicago's Public Wits: A Chapter in the American Comic Spirit.'' (1983). 289 pp.   

* Williams, Kenny J. and Duffy, Bernard, eds.  ''Chicago's Public Wits: A Chapter in the American Comic Spirit.'' (1983). 289 pp.   

*  Fanning, Charles, ed.  ''Mr. Dooley and the Chicago Irish: An Anthology.'' (1976).   

*  Fanning, Charles, ed.  ''Mr. Dooley and the Chicago Irish: An Anthology.'' (1976).   

* Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds.  ''German Workers in Chicago: A Documentary History of Working-Class Culture from 1850 to World War I.'' (1988). 427 pp.   

* Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds.  ''German Workers in Chicago: A Documentary History of Working-Class Culture from 1850 to World War I.'' (1988). 427 pp.   

* Pierce, Bessue Louise, ed.  ''As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673-1933.'' (1937, reprinted 2004). 548 pp  

* Pierce, Bessue Louise, ed.  ''As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673–1933.'' (1937, reprinted 2004). 548 pp  

*  Royko, Mike.  ''For the Love of Mike: More of the Best of Mike Royko.'' (2001). 270 pp.   

*  Royko, Mike.  ''For the Love of Mike: More of the Best of Mike Royko.'' (2001). 270 pp.   

* Sandburg, Carl. ''Chicago Poems'' (1916) [http://www.questia.com/read/3789090 online edition]

* Sandburg, Carl. ''Chicago Poems'' (1916) [http://www.questia.com/read/3789090 online edition]