Block, SkipCaptcha, Upload, Automoderated users, edit, Moderators, protect
28,077
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Created page with "The '''Damour massacre''' whike shouting 'Allah u Akbar!' took place on January 20, 1976, during the 1975–1990 Lebaness Civil War. ''Damour'', a Maronite C..."
The '''Damour massacre''' whike shouting 'Allah u Akbar!' took place on January 20, 1976, during the 1975–1990 [[Lebanon|Lebaness]] [[Civil War]]. ''Damour'', a Maronite [[Christian]] town on the main highway south of [[Beirut]], was attacked by Lebanese Muslim and left-wing militants of the ''Lebanese National Movement'' largely masterminded and participated by ''Palestine Liberation Organisation'' PLO units. Many of its people died either in battle or in the [[massacre]] that followed, and the others were forced to flee.<ref>Armies in Lebanon, 1985, Osprey Publishing</ref>
Testimony:<ref>[https://canadafreepress.com/article/arafats-massacre-of-damour Arafat’s Massacre of Damour], Joseph Hobeika, Canada Free Press, Jan 2, 2009.</ref>
<blockquote>
Do you not remember Damour Lebanon. Let me remind you. Arafat and the PLO plunged Lebanon into "massacres, rape, mutilation, rampages of looting and killings. Out of a population of 3.2 million, some 40,000 or more people had been killed, 100,000 wounded, 5,000 permanently maimed."</blockquote>
==Background==
The massacre occurred as part of a series of events during the ''Lebanese Civil War'' in which Muslim [[Palestinian|Palestinians]] joined other Muslim forces,<ref name="Katz1985">{{cite book|author=Samuel M. Katz|title=Armies in Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W5-jZY_T2IC&pg=PA5|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=1985|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-0-85045-602-8|page=5}}</ref> in the context of the Christian-Muslim divide,<ref name="Brenchley1989">{{cite book|author=Frank Brenchley|title=Britain and the Middle East: Economic History, 1945-87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtRojsvBm8wC&pg=PA221|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=1989|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-870915-07-6|page=221}}</ref> and soon [[Beirut]] was divided along the Lebanon's''Green Line'', with Christian enclaves to the east and Muslims to the west.<ref name="CarterDunston2008">{{cite book|author1=Terry John Carter|author2=Lara Dunston|author3=Amelia Thomas|title=Syria & Lebanon. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&pg=PA35|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-609-0|page=35}}</ref>
On 9 January, the Muslim militias began a siege of Damour and Jiyeh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf|title=Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975-2008|pages=14, 15}}</ref> Jiyeh was entered by [[Arafat]]'s [[PLO]] on 17 January.<ref name=":0" />
==Events==
First, some twenty Phalangist militiamen were executed, and civilians were lined up against a wall and sprayed with [[machine-gun]] fire.<ref>Fisk, 2001, pp. 99–100.</ref> Estimates of the number killed range from 100 to 500.<ref>[[David Hirst (journalist)|Hirst, David]] (2010) ''Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.'' Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-23741-8}} p.111: ‘some 150’ killed</ref> Among the killed were family members of '''Elie Hobeika''' and his fiancée.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elie Hobeika |url=http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html |work=moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century |publisher=www.moreorless.au.com |access-date=9 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805143542/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
[[NYT]]'s Thomas L. Friedman explains the Phalangist ''Damouri Brigade'', which carried out the ''Sabra and Shatila'' killing during the 1982 Lebanon War, sought revenge not only for the assassination of Bachir Gemayel but also for what he describes as past killings of their own people by Palestinians, including those at Damour.<ref>Friedman, 1998, p. 161.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''New York Times'', Sep 20, 21, 26, 27, 1982.</ref>
According to an eyewitness, the attack took place from the mountain behind the town. "It was an apocalypse," said Father Mansour Labaky, a Christian Maronite priest who survived the massacre. "They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting 'Allahu Akbar! (Allah is great!) Let us attack them for the Arabs, let us offer a holocaust to Mohammad!", and they were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women and children."<ref>Israel undercover: secret warfare and hidden diplomacy in the Middle East By Steve Posner, {{ISBN|0-8156-0220-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0220-0}}, p. 2</ref><ref>J. Becker: ''The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 [https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust] qtd in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/291/currentpage/4/Default.aspx |title=Articles > PLO Policy towards the Christian Community during the Civil War in Lebanon |publisher=ICT |access-date=2021-06-09}}</ref><ref>''The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 [https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust] qtd in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125]</ref>
==Perpetrators==
The main forces have been by brigades from the Muslim Lebanese ''al-Murabitun'' militia, the ''Palestinian Liberation Army''<ref>Some sources name the ''Palestine Liberation Army'' Ayn Jalout brigade armed by [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah|Qadisiyah]] brigade from [[Iraq]]. [http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm This page] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114230542/http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm this page] also mentions the Yarmouk brigade, set up by Syria.</ref> and as-Sa'iqa, as well as other members of other groups, including [[Fatah]]. Some sources also mention the ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (DFLP) among the attackers. There are reports that PLO forces were additionally joined by militiamen from [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Libya]],<ref name="Davis1990">{{cite book|author=Brian Lee Davis|title=Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzJHVNUkt4C&pg=PA11|access-date=July 27, 2013|date=January 1, 1990|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-93302-9|page=11}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], and possibly even [[Japanese Red Army]] terrorists who were then undergoing training by the ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' in Lebanon.<ref>Nisan, 2003, p. 41.</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* Abraham, A. J. (1996). ''The Lebanon War''. Praeger/Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-275-95389-0}}
* Fisk, Robert. (2001). ''Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-280130-9}}
* Friedman, Thomas. (1998) ''From Beirut To Jerusalem''. 2nd Edition. London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-653070-2}}
* Nisan, M. (2003). ''The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-5392-6}}.
==Further reading==
* Becker, Jillian. (1985). '' The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'' . New York: St. Martin's Press {{ISBN|0-312-59379-1}}
==External links==
* [http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civil.html Lebanese Civil War 1975 – 1976] Includes pictures of the Syrian-formed and -sponsored groups (Yarmouk and Sai'qa) attacking Damour city (January 1976).
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm Country profile: Lebanon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060418174633/http://gallery27973.fotopic.net/c72041.html Photographs]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm Country profile: Lebanon]
*[http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/7287 Arafat's Massacre of Damour]
*''The Insult (film), a 2017 movie by Ziad Doueiri where the Damour massacre plays an important role.
[[Category:Lebanon]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Muslims]]
Testimony:<ref>[https://canadafreepress.com/article/arafats-massacre-of-damour Arafat’s Massacre of Damour], Joseph Hobeika, Canada Free Press, Jan 2, 2009.</ref>
<blockquote>
Do you not remember Damour Lebanon. Let me remind you. Arafat and the PLO plunged Lebanon into "massacres, rape, mutilation, rampages of looting and killings. Out of a population of 3.2 million, some 40,000 or more people had been killed, 100,000 wounded, 5,000 permanently maimed."</blockquote>
==Background==
The massacre occurred as part of a series of events during the ''Lebanese Civil War'' in which Muslim [[Palestinian|Palestinians]] joined other Muslim forces,<ref name="Katz1985">{{cite book|author=Samuel M. Katz|title=Armies in Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W5-jZY_T2IC&pg=PA5|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=1985|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-0-85045-602-8|page=5}}</ref> in the context of the Christian-Muslim divide,<ref name="Brenchley1989">{{cite book|author=Frank Brenchley|title=Britain and the Middle East: Economic History, 1945-87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtRojsvBm8wC&pg=PA221|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=1989|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-870915-07-6|page=221}}</ref> and soon [[Beirut]] was divided along the Lebanon's''Green Line'', with Christian enclaves to the east and Muslims to the west.<ref name="CarterDunston2008">{{cite book|author1=Terry John Carter|author2=Lara Dunston|author3=Amelia Thomas|title=Syria & Lebanon. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&pg=PA35|access-date=June 9, 2021|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-609-0|page=35}}</ref>
On 9 January, the Muslim militias began a siege of Damour and Jiyeh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf|title=Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975-2008|pages=14, 15}}</ref> Jiyeh was entered by [[Arafat]]'s [[PLO]] on 17 January.<ref name=":0" />
==Events==
First, some twenty Phalangist militiamen were executed, and civilians were lined up against a wall and sprayed with [[machine-gun]] fire.<ref>Fisk, 2001, pp. 99–100.</ref> Estimates of the number killed range from 100 to 500.<ref>[[David Hirst (journalist)|Hirst, David]] (2010) ''Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.'' Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-23741-8}} p.111: ‘some 150’ killed</ref> Among the killed were family members of '''Elie Hobeika''' and his fiancée.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elie Hobeika |url=http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html |work=moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century |publisher=www.moreorless.au.com |access-date=9 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805143542/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
[[NYT]]'s Thomas L. Friedman explains the Phalangist ''Damouri Brigade'', which carried out the ''Sabra and Shatila'' killing during the 1982 Lebanon War, sought revenge not only for the assassination of Bachir Gemayel but also for what he describes as past killings of their own people by Palestinians, including those at Damour.<ref>Friedman, 1998, p. 161.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''New York Times'', Sep 20, 21, 26, 27, 1982.</ref>
According to an eyewitness, the attack took place from the mountain behind the town. "It was an apocalypse," said Father Mansour Labaky, a Christian Maronite priest who survived the massacre. "They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting 'Allahu Akbar! (Allah is great!) Let us attack them for the Arabs, let us offer a holocaust to Mohammad!", and they were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women and children."<ref>Israel undercover: secret warfare and hidden diplomacy in the Middle East By Steve Posner, {{ISBN|0-8156-0220-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0220-0}}, p. 2</ref><ref>J. Becker: ''The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 [https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust] qtd in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/291/currentpage/4/Default.aspx |title=Articles > PLO Policy towards the Christian Community during the Civil War in Lebanon |publisher=ICT |access-date=2021-06-09}}</ref><ref>''The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 [https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust] qtd in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125]</ref>
==Perpetrators==
The main forces have been by brigades from the Muslim Lebanese ''al-Murabitun'' militia, the ''Palestinian Liberation Army''<ref>Some sources name the ''Palestine Liberation Army'' Ayn Jalout brigade armed by [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah|Qadisiyah]] brigade from [[Iraq]]. [http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm This page] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114230542/http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm this page] also mentions the Yarmouk brigade, set up by Syria.</ref> and as-Sa'iqa, as well as other members of other groups, including [[Fatah]]. Some sources also mention the ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (DFLP) among the attackers. There are reports that PLO forces were additionally joined by militiamen from [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Libya]],<ref name="Davis1990">{{cite book|author=Brian Lee Davis|title=Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzJHVNUkt4C&pg=PA11|access-date=July 27, 2013|date=January 1, 1990|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-93302-9|page=11}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], and possibly even [[Japanese Red Army]] terrorists who were then undergoing training by the ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' in Lebanon.<ref>Nisan, 2003, p. 41.</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* Abraham, A. J. (1996). ''The Lebanon War''. Praeger/Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-275-95389-0}}
* Fisk, Robert. (2001). ''Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-280130-9}}
* Friedman, Thomas. (1998) ''From Beirut To Jerusalem''. 2nd Edition. London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-653070-2}}
* Nisan, M. (2003). ''The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-5392-6}}.
==Further reading==
* Becker, Jillian. (1985). '' The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization'' . New York: St. Martin's Press {{ISBN|0-312-59379-1}}
==External links==
* [http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civil.html Lebanese Civil War 1975 – 1976] Includes pictures of the Syrian-formed and -sponsored groups (Yarmouk and Sai'qa) attacking Damour city (January 1976).
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm Country profile: Lebanon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060418174633/http://gallery27973.fotopic.net/c72041.html Photographs]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm Country profile: Lebanon]
*[http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/7287 Arafat's Massacre of Damour]
*''The Insult (film), a 2017 movie by Ziad Doueiri where the Damour massacre plays an important role.
[[Category:Lebanon]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Muslims]]