Changes

In July 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, "  and  "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience."<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>

In July 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, "  and  "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience."<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>

In 1948, ex-Communist [[Louis F. Budenz]], former managing editor of the Communist Party (CP) organ ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', told Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that the CP had "very great influence" in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> In 1950, General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told Bureau agents that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of [[Soviet Military Intelligence]] (GRU), told him that IPR was a Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him in Paris that the IPR was a "cover" for GRU in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Krivitsky's widow, Anonina Thomas, told FBI agents that she had been told in Moscow that sometime prior to 1937, IPR was cover for GRU agents in the US.<ref>Memorandum: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," Belmont to Ladd, June 26, 1950 [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR33.01.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 33], PDF p. 14</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representations of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist underground courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran NKVD "handler" Jacob Golos, told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p. 437</ref>

In 1948, ex-Communist [[Louis F. Budenz]], former managing editor of the Communist Party (CP) organ ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', told Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that the CP had "very great influence" in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> In 1950, General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told Bureau agents that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of [[Soviet Military Intelligence]] (GRU), told him that IPR was a Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him in Paris that the IPR was a "cover" for GRU in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Krivitsky's widow, Anonina Thomas, told FBI agents that she had been told in Moscow that sometime prior to 1937, IPR was cover for GRU agents in the US.<ref>Memorandum: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," Belmont to Ladd, June 26, 1950 [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR33.01.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 33], PDF p. 14</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representations of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist underground courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran [[NKVD]] "handler" [[Jacob Golos]], told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p. 437</ref>

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by [[Guenther Stein]], a member of the [[Richard Sorge]] Communist spy ring. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.  

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by [[Guenther Stein]], a member of the [[Richard Sorge]] Communist spy ring. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.