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Line 1: − The '''HPV vaccine''' is a [[vaccine]] designed to prevent infection by one or more strains of [[human papillomavirus]], a virus which is endemic in the human population and which approximately 80% of sexually active adults carry.+ − + − Gardasil protects against types 6, 11, 16 and 18 of HPV, which are primarily sexually transmitted diseases. These strains of HPV have been associated with 70% of cervical cancer cases and may also play a role in the development of other types of cancer <ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV]</ref>. In June 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first HPV vaccine based on observance of elevated [[antibody]] levels in a double blind clinical trial involving over 20,000 subjects. <ref> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5602a1.htm</ref>+ − The HPV vaccine does not protect against other sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., chlamydia, herpes, hepatitis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, [[HIV]], [[AIDS]], etc.). The vaccine is not recommended for use in pregnant women or girls.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/cber/label/hpvmer013007LB.pdf</ref>+ − The long-term consequences of the HPV vaccine are not known and there have not been any long-term studies. Children in the 9-year-old age group have been monitored for only 18 months, and there have been no studies on the carcinogenic risk or the general toxicity of the vaccine itself. However, Between July 2006 and January 2007, there were 82 reports of adverse events filed with the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System ([[VAERS]]) following the receipt of the vaccine. However, under clinical trial conditions, the reports of adverse or severe reactions were not any higher for those receiving the vaccine versus those receiving a placebo.+ − A study published February 28, 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) disclosed that only about 3% of all women are ever infected in their lifetime by the particular types of HPV (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) targeted by the vaccine.+ − Merck manufactures the HPV vaccine and sells it for $360 ($120 per shot in a three-shot series). Its package insert explains the limitations of the vaccine and describes its testing for safety and efficacy.<ref>http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/g/gardasil/gardasil_pi.pdf</ref>+ + − The cost for buying and administering the three-dose vaccine is about $500 per child.+ − The [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons]], the Texas Medical Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics do not support making this vaccine mandatory.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5RNAYlAxmo</ref>+ − A list of pending statutes in NJ for the HPV vaccine is [[HPV vaccine NJ|here]].+ − − ==References== − − ==External Links== − [http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ACIP/minutes/acip-min-jun06.txt Advisory Panel on Immunization Practices] − − [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5RNAYlAxmo Debate on the HPV vaccine] − − [[Category:Vaccines]]
reverted liberal edits
'''Gardasil''', the recently-available HPV vaccine, protects against types 6, 11, 16 and 18 of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which are sexually transmitted diseases. These strains of HPV have been associated with 70% of cervical cancer cases and may also play a role in the development of other types of cancer <ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV]</ref>. In June 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first HPV vaccine based on observance of elevated [[antibody]] levels in a few thousand patients who had received the vaccine (including perhaps only a few hundred or less young girls).
The only HPV vaccine currently on the market is Merck's Gardasil. A GlaxoSmithKline vaccine, Cervarix, is awaiting FDA approval.<ref>[http://www.vaccinerx.com/news/cervical-cancer/cervarix---glaxo-hpv-vaccine-filed-with-fda-20070330-160-26.html Cervarix - Glaxo HPV Vaccine Filed With FDA (VaccineRX)]</ref>
The HPV vaccine does not protect against other sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., chlamydia, herpes, hepatitis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, [[HIV]], [[AIDS]], etc.). The vaccine is not recommended for use in pregnant women or girls.[http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/g/gardasil/gardasil_pi.pdf]
The long-term consequences of the HPV vaccine are not known and there have not been any long-term studies. Children in the 9-year-old age group have been monitored for 18 months, and there have been no studies of possible longer-term risks of the vaccine. Between July 2006 and January 2007, there were 82 reports of adverse events filed with the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System ([[VAERS]]) following the receipt of the vaccine.
A study published February 28, 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) <ref>JAMA 297(8):813-819, February 28, 2007</ref> disclosed that about 3% of women are infected in their lifetime by the particular types of HPV (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) targeted by the vaccine. If generalized to the American female population at large, this would be approximately 5 million women (the size of a large American city). If generalized to the highest-risk age groups of women, the number of affected American women is probably closer to 2 million.
Merck manufactures the HPV vaccine ("Gardasil") and sells it for $360 ($120 per shot in a three-shot series). Its package insert explains the limitations of the vaccine and describes its testing for safety and efficacy.<ref>http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/g/gardasil/gardasil_pi.pdf</ref>
The cost for buying and administering the three-dose vaccine is about $500 per child. Accordingly, the cost of vaccinating 100 children will be about $50,000, but only 3 out of that 100 will ever be exposed to the HPV types targeted by the vaccine. The average age of diagnosis of cervical cancer is 48 years old. Accordingly, the cost is $15,000 to $50,000 per child to possibly protect her against a cancer over 30 years in the future. There is not yet a clear plan in place for funding this vaccine.
Alternative means of protection against cervical cancer include abstinence (most effective), and early detection via pap smear (effective if done regularly, but only ''detects'' infection or precancerous changes. It does not ''prevent'' infection, but can prevent progression from infection to cancer). <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm#cancer</ref>. Condoms are not a safeguard against infection<ref>http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/25/2645</ref> <ref> Report to Congress 2004: Prevention of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gerberding, J.L., M.D., M.P.H. (January 2004): pp. 3-4. </ref>
The [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons]], the Texas Medical Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics do not support making this vaccine mandatory.
Dr. Jon Abramson, a member of the [[CDC]]'s advisory committee on immunization practices, said in a report published in the Washington Times that "I told Merck my personal opinion that it shouldn't be mandated. And they heard it from other committee members."
A list of pending statutes in NJ for the HPV vaccine is [[HPV vaccine NJ|here]].
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