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→Bilateral and Regional Relations
In June 2020 troops from the [[Peoples Liberation Army]] (PLA) and India clashed in the Galwan Valley.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484</ref> The battle was fought with rocks, batons, and barbed wire-wrapped clubs. A 1996 agreement banned the use of guns and explosives along the disputed line of control. India reported 20 of their soldiers were killed, whereas the [[Peoples Republic of China]] (PRC) did not report any of its deaths. Indian media and the [[Russia]]n news agency [[TASS]] reported that as many as 45 PLA soldiers may have been killed.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/china-says-5-military-officers-soldiers-killed-in-galwan-clash-with-india-report-2373770</ref> Over the following 12 months the PLA increased its troop strength along the border from 15,000 to 50,000 by July 2021, and moved advanced surface-to-air missiles including its HQ-9 system, which is similar to Russia’s S-300 and America’s [[Patriot missile]].<ref>https://archive.is/6Hbvt</ref>
In June 2020 troops from the [[Peoples Liberation Army]] (PLA) and India clashed in the Galwan Valley.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484</ref> The battle was fought with rocks, batons, and barbed wire-wrapped clubs. A 1996 agreement banned the use of guns and explosives along the disputed line of control. India reported 20 of their soldiers were killed, whereas the [[Peoples Republic of China]] (PRC) did not report any of its deaths. Indian media and the [[Russia]]n news agency [[TASS]] reported that as many as 45 PLA soldiers may have been killed.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/china-says-5-military-officers-soldiers-killed-in-galwan-clash-with-india-report-2373770</ref> Over the following 12 months the PLA increased its troop strength along the border from 15,000 to 50,000 by July 2021, and moved advanced surface-to-air missiles including its HQ-9 system, which is similar to Russia’s S-300 and America’s [[Patriot missile]].<ref>https://archive.is/6Hbvt</ref>
[[Ladakh]] was not the only Himalayan hotspot. There is a Chinese encroachment in India's Sikkim as well as incursions in neighboring Bhutan and Nepal.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55793112</ref>
Beijing's campaign against India has been multifaceted. Cleo Paskal of the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] said, "Since June of last year [2020], there was a China-attributed attack on the Mumbai electric grid, Chinese-linked [[Maoist]] terrorists killed another 20 Indian security forces, and we witnessed a destructive attack on an iPhone parts-manufacturing plant that looks like part of a Beijing political warfare operation to discourage the shifting of supply chains to India." Paskal explains, "The breadth and depth of the Communist Party's aggressive unrestricted warfare against India leads one to think there are no barriers to Beijing's malign behavior."
China has changed the definition of "warfare," and one of its instruments is disease. If [[SARS-CoV-2]], the pathogen causing [[COVID-19]], did not start out as a [[biological weapon]], [[Chinese Communist Party]] leaders turned it into one, by lying about contagiousness and pressuring other countries to take disease-ridden arrivals from China.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17547/china-mobilizing-war</ref>
'''Former Soviet Union'''. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. India's substantial trade with the region plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing. Russia nonetheless remains India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts.
'''Former Soviet Union'''. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. India's substantial trade with the region plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing. Russia nonetheless remains India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts.