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Line 178: + − Despite suspicions remaining from a 1962 border conflict between India and [[China]] and continuing territorial/boundary disputes, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations. Their bilateral trade reached $24 billion in 2006. China is India's second-largest trading partner behind the U.S. + − A series of high-level visits between the two nations has improved relations. In December 1996, Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India on a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he and the Indian Prime Minister signed a series of confidence-building measures along the disputed border, including troop reductions and weapons limitations. + − Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao invited Prime Minister Vajpayee to visit China in June 2003. They recognized the common goals of both countries and made the commitment to build a "long-term constructive and cooperative partnership" to peacefully promote their mutual political and economic goals without encroaching upon their good relations with other countries. In [[Beijing]], Prime Minister Vajpayee proposed the designation of special representatives to discuss the border dispute at the political level, a process that is still under way. + − − In November 2006, President Hu Jintao made an official state visit to India, further cementing Sino-Indian relations. India and China are building on growing economic ties to improve other aspects of their relationship such as counter-terrorism, energy, and trade. In another symbol of improved ties, the two countries opened the Nathu La Pass to bilateral trade in July 2006 for the first time in 40 years. Though it is the first direct land trade route in decades, trade is expected to be local and small since the pass is open only four months a year.
→Relations with China
===Relations with China===
===Relations with China===
In June 2020 troops from the [[Peoples Liberation Army]] (PLA) and India clashed in the Galwan Valley.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484</ref> The battle was fought with rocks, batons, and barbed wire-wrapped clubs. A 1996 agreement banned the use of guns and explosives along the disputed line of control. India reported 20 of their soldiers were killed, whereas the [[Peoples Republic of China]] (PRC) did not report any of its deaths. Indian media and the [[Russia]]n news agency [[TASS]] reported that as many as 45 PLA soldiers may have been killed.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/china-says-5-military-officers-soldiers-killed-in-galwan-clash-with-india-report-2373770</ref> Over the following 12 months the PLA increased its troop strength along the border from 15,000 to 50,000 by July 2021, and moved advanced surface-to-air missiles including its HQ-9 system, which is similar to Russia’s S-300 and America’s [[Patriot missile]].<ref>https://archive.is/6Hbvt</ref>
[[Ladakh]] was not the only Himalayan hotspot. There is a Chinese encroachment in India's Sikkim as well as incursions in neighboring Bhutan and Nepal.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55793112</ref>
[[Beijing]]'s campaign against India has been multifaceted. Cleo Paskal of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies said, "Since June of last year [2020], there was a China-attributed attack on the Mumbai electric grid, Chinese-linked [[Maoist]] terrorists killed another 20 Indian security forces, and we witnessed a destructive attack on an iPhone parts-manufacturing plant that looks like part of a Beijing political warfare operation to discourage the shifting of supply chains to India." Paskal explains, "The breadth and depth of the Communist Party's aggressive unrestricted warfare against India leads one to think there are no barriers to Beijing's malign behavior."
China has changed the definition of "warfare," and one of its instruments is disease. If [[SARS-CoV-2]], the pathogen causing [[COVID-19]], did not start out as a [[biological weapon]], [[Chinese Communist Party]] leaders turned it into one, by lying about contagiousness and pressuring other countries to take disease-ridden arrivals from China.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17547/china-mobilizing-war</ref>
===Russia===
===Russia===