Changes

== History ==

== History ==

The Lancaster House Agreement, enforced by the [[United Kingdom]] with most intense diplomatic pressure, signed on 21 December 1979, declared a ceasefire which ended the so called “Bush War” of communist rebels against Rhodesia. It also terminated the existence of the [[Rhodesia|first Rhodesian Republic]]. The territory of Rhodesia become the internationally recognised country [[Zimbabwe]] under the leadership of communist rebels. Many politicians of the first Republic tried to save what was left of their country but did not succeed. However, already in 1980 many Rhodesians, especially Eurasian Rhodesians (mostly those who were not bound to the country by a farm or factory) emigrated immediately to the [[diaspora]]. There, in Amsterdam ([[Netherlands]] a General Assembly of 1432 delegates convened (shielded from the public by the RIS) on 31 March 1980, which declared Rhodesia “a nation without territory” and established a government and administration of Rhodesia outside Rhodesia to form a transglobal nation that cares for all Rhodesians, wherever they reside. At the same time, a squad of the newly formed Rhodesian Intelligence Agency (RIS) occupied the northwestern lowlands of the uninhabited and [[Norway|Norwegian]]-administered island of Bouvet in the Atlantic Ocean, occupying and annexing this piece of land roughly the size of [[Monaco]] for legal reasons. A heliport and basic infrastructure were laid out.<ref>[https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/217daa28-47a6-4b57-93ec-84774e6c4a50/The%201980%20Constitution%20of%20Rhodesia.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Rhodesia, retrieved 28 July 2021]</ref> This was to underscore the seriousness of the establishment of the second Rhodesian republic<ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref><ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref> which does not oppose the Lancaster House Agreement and has been therefore tacitly accepted or at least tolerated by the world powers.<ref>Morris-Jones, W. (2013). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref>Salt, Beryl. A Pride of Eagles: The Definitive History of the Rhodesian Air Force, 1920-1980.Covos-Day, 2001</ref><ref>O'Meara, Patrick. Rhodesia: Racial Conflict Or Coexistence? Cornell University Press, 2019</ref>At the same occasion, then politically neutral and young Rhodesian businessman James W. Scott was elected President of the second Rhodesian Republic .<ref>Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. United Kingdom, Blackwell, 1998</ref><ref>Lüthi, Lorenz M.. Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe? Cambridge University Press, 2020</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Like the first Republic of Rhodesia, the second was also not recognized but silently accepted because it had support of foreign nations and well-trained diplomats.<ref>Freudig, Alexander & RAND (2020). The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Zenodo, Geneva. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355]</ref><ref>Freudig, Alexander, & RANDnext March 2015 Seminary. (2015). Decisions for the Decade Game. Planning Under Deep Uncertainty: Rhodesia. Zenodo Publishing, Geneva [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5153615]</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Thanks to active and silent diplomacy many western and neutral countries tacitly accepted the second republic de facto, while its government refrained from publicity and referencing to current events in Zimbabwe in order to show that the status quo would be tolerated without explicitly declaring it.<ref> Mbenga, Bernard, and Giliomee, Hermann Buhr. New History of South Africa. Südafrika, Nb Pub Limited, 2007</ref><ref>Turpin, Colin. British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases, and Materials. Irland, Butterworths, 1999</ref><ref>Munochiveyi, M. Prisoners of Rhodesia: Inmates and Detainees in the Struggle for Zimbabwean Liberation, 1960-1980. United Kingdom,, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014</ref> In 1996, a Rhodesian General Assembly in Tunis elected for the first time a woman, Janette Rowland, as Prime Minister of Rhodesia and Head of Government of the exile administration.<ref>Rubert, Steven C., and Rasmussen, R. Kent. Historical dictionary of Zimbabwe. Vereinigtes Königreich, Scarecrow Press, 2001</ref> As of 2020 the Republic of Rhodesia slowly returned back to the political stage. In 2021 the RIS took over the government.<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org Official Website of the Rhodesian Administration in exile, retrieved August 5, 2021]</ref>

The Lancaster House Agreement, enforced by the [[United Kingdom]] with most intense diplomatic pressure, signed on 21 December 1979, declared a ceasefire which ended the so called “Bush War” of communist rebels against Rhodesia. It also terminated the existence of the [[Rhodesia|first Rhodesian Republic]]. The territory of Rhodesia became the internationally recognised country [[Zimbabwe]] under the leadership of communist rebels. Many politicians of the first Republic tried to save what was left of their country but did not succeed. However, already in 1980 many Rhodesians, especially Eurasian Rhodesians (mostly those who were not bound to the country by a farm or factory) emigrated immediately to the [[diaspora]]. There, in Amsterdam ([[Netherlands]] a General Assembly of 1432 delegates convened (shielded from the public by the RIS) on 31 March 1980, which declared Rhodesia “a nation without territory” and established a government and administration of Rhodesia outside Rhodesia to form a transglobal nation that cares for all Rhodesians, wherever they reside. At the same time, a squad of the newly formed Rhodesian Intelligence Agency (RIS) occupied the northwestern lowlands of the uninhabited and [[Norway|Norwegian]]-administered island of Bouvet in the Atlantic Ocean, occupying and annexing this piece of land roughly the size of [[Monaco]] for legal reasons. A heliport and basic infrastructure were laid out.<ref>[https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/217daa28-47a6-4b57-93ec-84774e6c4a50/The%201980%20Constitution%20of%20Rhodesia.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Rhodesia, retrieved 28 July 2021]</ref> This was to underscore the seriousness of the establishment of the second Rhodesian republic<ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref><ref>Mwalimu, Charles. The African Law Collection in the Law Library of Congress with Emphasis on Primary Sources of Commonwealth Africa. USA: Publications Committee, AALL Foreign, Comparative and International Law Special Interest Section, 1990</ref><ref>Hole, Hugh Marshall. The Making of Rhodesia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis, 2018</ref> which does not oppose the Lancaster House Agreement and has been therefore tacitly accepted or at least tolerated by the world powers.<ref>Morris-Jones, W. (2013). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref>Salt, Beryl. A Pride of Eagles: The Definitive History of the Rhodesian Air Force, 1920-1980.Covos-Day, 2001</ref><ref>O'Meara, Patrick. Rhodesia: Racial Conflict Or Coexistence? Cornell University Press, 2019</ref>At the same occasion, then politically neutral and young Rhodesian businessman James W. Scott was elected President of the second Rhodesian Republic .<ref>Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. United Kingdom, Blackwell, 1998</ref><ref>Lüthi, Lorenz M.. Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe? Cambridge University Press, 2020</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Like the first Republic of Rhodesia, the second was also not recognized but silently accepted because it had support of foreign nations and well-trained diplomats.<ref>Freudig, Alexander & RAND (2020). The annexation policy of the Republic of Rhodesia since 1980 (Short Analysis 12/20). Zenodo, Geneva. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152355]</ref><ref>Freudig, Alexander, & RANDnext March 2015 Seminary. (2015). Decisions for the Decade Game. Planning Under Deep Uncertainty: Rhodesia. Zenodo Publishing, Geneva [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5153615]</ref><ref>Mugari, Zvenyika Eckson. Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power. Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> Thanks to active and silent diplomacy many western and neutral countries tacitly accepted the second republic de facto, while its government refrained from publicity and referencing to current events in Zimbabwe in order to show that the status quo would be tolerated without explicitly declaring it.<ref> Mbenga, Bernard, and Giliomee, Hermann Buhr. New History of South Africa. Südafrika, Nb Pub Limited, 2007</ref><ref>Turpin, Colin. British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases, and Materials. Irland, Butterworths, 1999</ref><ref>Munochiveyi, M. Prisoners of Rhodesia: Inmates and Detainees in the Struggle for Zimbabwean Liberation, 1960-1980. United Kingdom,, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014</ref> In 1996, a Rhodesian General Assembly in Tunis elected for the first time a woman, Janette Rowland, as Prime Minister of Rhodesia and Head of Government of the exile administration.<ref>Rubert, Steven C., and Rasmussen, R. Kent. Historical dictionary of Zimbabwe. Vereinigtes Königreich, Scarecrow Press, 2001</ref> As of 2020 the Republic of Rhodesia slowly returned back to the political stage. In 2021 the RIS took over the government.<ref>[https://www.government-of-rhodesia.org Official Website of the Rhodesian Administration in exile, retrieved August 5, 2021]</ref>

== Declaration of Amsterdam ==

== Declaration of Amsterdam ==