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The '''Vicksburg Campaign''' was a series of major and minor battles during the [[American Civil War]] led by Major [[General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]], culminating in the siege and surrender of Vicksburg, [[Mississippi]] on July 4, 1863.  The surrender of Vicksburg opened up the Mississippi River as a vital waterway and split the Confederacy in two.

The '''Vicksburg Campaign''' was a series of major and minor battles during the [[American Civil War]] led by Major [[General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]], culminating in the siege and surrender of Vicksburg, [[Mississippi]] on July 4, 1863.  The surrender of Vicksburg opened up the Mississippi River as a vital waterway and split the Confederacy in two. This was the turning point in the war both strategically and in ensuring Grant's promotion to lieutenant general by [[Abraham Lincoln]] and ultimately, on March 10, 1864, Grant's elevation to lead the entire Union forces.<ref>https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ulysses-s-grant-1</ref>

==Prelude==

==Prelude==

At the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River was the single most important economic feature of the continent; the very lifeblood of [[America]]. Upon the secession of the southern states, Confederate forces closed the river to navigation, which threatened to strangle northern commercial interests.

At the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River was the single most important economic feature of the continent; the very lifeblood of [[America]]. Upon the secession of the southern states, Confederate forces closed the river to navigation, which threatened to strangle northern commercial interests.

President Abraham Lincoln told his civil and military leaders, "See what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is the key! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.... We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy, and they can defy us from Vicksburg."  [[Lincoln]] assured his listeners that "I am acquainted with that region and know what I am talking about, and as valuable as New Orleans will be to us, Vicksburg will be more so."

President Abraham Lincoln told his civil and military leaders, "See what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is the key! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.... We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy, and they can defy us from Vicksburg."  [[Lincoln]] assured his listeners that "I am acquainted with that region and know what I am talking about, and as valuable as New Orleans will be to us, Vicksburg will be more so."