Changes

{{quotebox|"Sol Adler, as well as two other friends of China, [[Jack Service]] and Frank Coe, confronted [[McCarthyism|the Joseph McCarthy persecution]]. So Sol left the US to stay in the [[UK]]. During this period, he visited China many times and in various ways introduced New China to the outside world. His book ''The Chinese Economy'' in 1957 won worldwide acclaim. In 1962, when the Chinese people were facing great difficulties at home and abroad, Sol Adler resolutely decided to come and settle in China.

{{quotebox|"Sol Adler, as well as two other friends of China, [[Jack Service]] and Frank Coe, confronted [[McCarthyism|the Joseph McCarthy persecution]]. So Sol left the US to stay in the [[UK]]. During this period, he visited China many times and in various ways introduced New China to the outside world. His book ''The Chinese Economy'' in 1957 won worldwide acclaim. In 1962, when the Chinese people were facing great difficulties at home and abroad, Sol Adler resolutely decided to come and settle in China.

He said, "I have come to settle in China for three reasons: First, I have all along had great trust and confidence in the Chinese people and their leaders; second, I have all along had unshakable faith in the cause of [[socialism]]; and third, I hope to stay in China for as long as possible and work for world peace and the friendship between the Chinese people and the peoples of the world. I want to devote my whole life to the cause of socialism.".<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-09/05/content_8658159.htm China Daily, Sol Adler, a soulful friend (China Daily) Updated: 2009-09-05 07:39 ]</ref>}}

He said, "I have come to settle in China for three reasons: First, I have all along had great trust and [[confidence]] in the Chinese people and their leaders; second, I have all along had unshakable faith in the cause of [[socialism]]; and third, I hope to stay in China for as long as possible and work for world peace and the friendship between the Chinese people and the peoples of the world. I want to devote my whole life to the cause of socialism.".<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-09/05/content_8658159.htm China Daily, Sol Adler, a soulful friend (China Daily) Updated: 2009-09-05 07:39 ]</ref>}}

Chinese [[historical revisionism]] now refers to The Great Leap Forward as The '''Three Years of Disasters'''.  Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping claimed the death toll to be only 16 million, one-third the actual number of victims.<ref>''Mao: The Real Story'', by Alexander P. Pantsov with Steven I. Levine, pg. 472.</ref>  The Great Leap Forward remains the greatest prime example of the failure of socialist [[economic planning]]

Chinese [[historical revisionism]] now refers to The Great Leap Forward as The '''Three Years of Disasters'''.  Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping claimed the death toll to be only 16 million, one-third the actual number of victims.<ref>''Mao: The Real Story'', by Alexander P. Pantsov with Steven I. Levine, pg. 472.</ref>  The Great Leap Forward remains the greatest prime example of the failure of socialist [[economic planning]]

Mao's regime imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. The [[Cultural Revolution]] of 1966-76 was inspired by Mao and devastated the intellectual class. Tens of thousands of intellectuals and teachers were educators were insulted, tortured, driven to suicide or executed by their students. Mobilized as members of the Red Guards, a new youth organization, the students attacked the educators as "capitalist intellectuals." From 1967 to 1978, the state "send-down" (rustication) policy 17 million urban youth to live and work in rural areas, with a permanent negative impact on their intellectual development and careers.<ref>Xueguang Zhou and Liren Hou, "Children of the Cultural Revolution: the State and the Life Course in the People's Republic of China." ''American Sociological Review'' 1999 64(1): 12-36. Issn: 0003-1224 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657275 in Jstor ]</ref>  

Mao's regime imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. The [[Cultural Revolution]] of 1966-76 was inspired by Mao and devastated the intellectual class. Tens of thousands of intellectuals and teachers were educators were insulted, tortured, driven to suicide or executed by their students. Mobilized as members of the Red Guards, a new youth organization, the students attacked the educators as "capitalist intellectuals." From 1967 to 1978, the state "send-down" (rustication) policy 17 million urban youth to live and work in rural areas, with a permanent negative impact on their intellectual development and careers.<ref>Xueguang Zhou and Liren Hou, "Children of the Cultural Revolution: the State and the Life Course in the People's Republic of China." ''American Sociological Review'' 1999 64(1): 12-36. Issn: 0003-1224 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657275 in Jstor ]</ref>  

The upheaval was not limited to the cities.  Maoist political ideology and teachings provided the catalyst for village conflicts that brought out traditional grievances and further escalated the conflicts. Some of the catalysts were student activists carrying out Mao's teachings, factional disputes, and the Four Clean-up campaigns that purged village officials and corruption. These conflicts spread to traditional grievances like lineage and hamlet hostilities and disputes over leadership and rights. Often, the conflicts caused by Party politics intersected traditional conflicts to the extent that the root causes of the conflicts were lost. This resulted in further escalation of the conflicts, which became more complex and widespread.   

The upheaval was not limited to the cities.  Maoist political ideology and teachings provided the catalyst for village conflicts that brought out traditional grievances and further escalated the conflicts. Some of the catalysts were student activists carrying out Mao's teachings, factional disputes, and the Four Clean-up campaigns that purged village officials and corruption. These conflicts spread to traditional grievances like lineage and hamlet hostilities and disputes over leadership and rights. Often, the conflicts caused by Party politics intersected traditional conflicts to the extent that the root causes of the conflicts were lost. This resulted in further [[escalation]] of the conflicts, which became more complex and widespread.   

[[File:Nixon in China.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Chou Enlai (left) President Nixon (center) Jiang Qing (right)]]

[[File:Nixon in China.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Chou Enlai (left) President Nixon (center) Jiang Qing (right)]]

In rural China an estimated 750,000 to 1.5 million people were killed, and about as many permanently injured; 36 million who suffered some form of political persecution. The vast majority of these casualties occurred from 1968 to 1971, after the end of the period of popular rebellion and factional conflict and the establishment of provisional organs of local state power.<ref>Jonathan Unger, "Cultural Revolution Conflict in the Villages." ''China Quarterly'' 1998 (153): 82-106. Issn: 0305-7410 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/655831 in Jstor] ; Andrew G. Walder, and Yang Su, "The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact." ''China Quarterly'' 2003 (173): 74-99. Issn: 0305-7410</ref>   

In rural China an estimated 750,000 to 1.5 million people were killed, and about as many permanently injured; 36 million who suffered some form of political persecution. The vast majority of these casualties occurred from 1968 to 1971, after the end of the period of popular rebellion and factional conflict and the establishment of provisional organs of local state power.<ref>Jonathan Unger, "Cultural Revolution Conflict in the Villages." ''China Quarterly'' 1998 (153): 82-106. Issn: 0305-7410 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/655831 in Jstor] ; Andrew G. Walder, and Yang Su, "The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact." ''China Quarterly'' 2003 (173): 74-99. Issn: 0305-7410</ref>   

{{main|One-child Policy}}

{{main|One-child Policy}}

With a population officially just over 1.3 billion and an estimated growth rate of about 0.6%, China is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted with mixed results to implement a strict birth limitation policy. Until 2013 the government permitted one child per family, with allowance for a second child under certain circumstances (such as twins), especially in rural areas, and with guidelines looser for ethnic minorities with small populations. Enforcement varies and relies largely on "social compensation fees" to discourage extra births. Official government policy opposed forced [[abortion]] or sterilization, but in some localities, there were instances of forced [[abortion]]. The government's goal was to stabilize the population in the first half of the 21st century, and current projections are that the population would peak at around 1.6 billion by 2050. Boys are highly prized, and because screening of fetuses is done to determine gender, selective abortion has resulted in 119 boys born for every 100 girls. By 2020, 24 million men of marrying age will find themselves without wives.

With a population officially just over 1.3 billion and an estimated growth rate of about 0.6%, China is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted with mixed results to implement a strict birth limitation policy. Until 2013 the government permitted one child per family, with allowance for a second child under certain circumstances (such as twins), especially in rural areas, and with guidelines looser for ethnic minorities with small populations. Enforcement varies and relies largely on "social compensation fees" to discourage extra births. Official government policy opposed forced [[abortion]] or sterilization, but in some localities, there were instances of forced [[abortion]]. The government's goal was to stabilize the population in the first half of the 21st century.

   

[[File:Deng Xiaoping visits the White House 1979.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Deng Xiaoping visits the White House, 1979.]]

2013 the government eased the One-child Policy strongly. Since then families in which at least one parent was an only child can have a second child now.<ref>http://cnsnews.com/news/article/china-ease-1-child-policy-abolish-labor-camps</ref>

Boys are highly prized, and because screening of fetuses was done to determine gender, selective abortion resulted in 119 boys born for every 100 girls.  

 

Fertility rates dropped below 2.0 by 1990.  The magnitude of female [[infanticide]] in China became astonishing in the decades between 1990 and 2010, when well over ten million female infants were killed.  The result was a skewed sex ratio in the generation born since 1980. By 2020, there were about 50 million more males than females.

====Economic reform and opening trade====

====Economic reform and opening trade====

Closer to home, China made efforts to reduce tensions in Asia, hosting the Six-Party Talks on North Korea's nuclear weapons program, cultivating a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and participating in the ASEAN Regional Forum. The PRC took steps to improve relations with countries in South Asia, including India. Following Premier Wen's 2005 visit to India, the two sides moved to increase commercial and cultural ties, as well as to resolve longstanding border disputes. The November 2006 visit of President Hu was the first state visit by a Chinese head of state to India in 10 years.  

 

 

 

 

 

Closer to home, China made efforts to reduce tensions in Asia, hosting the Six-Party Talks on North Korea's nuclear weapons program, cultivating a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and participating in the ASEAN Regional Forum. The PRC took steps to improve relations with countries in South Asia, including India. Following Premier Wen's 2005 visit to India, the two sides moved to increase commercial and cultural ties, as well as to resolve longstanding border disputes. The November 2006 visit of President Hu was the first state visit by a Chinese head of state to India in 10 years.

 

 

China has likewise improved ties with Russia, with [[President Putin]] and Hu exchanging visits to [[Beijing]] and [[Moscow]] in April 2006 and March 2007. A second round of Russia-China joint military exercises was scheduled for fall 2007. China played a prominent role in the '''Shanghai Cooperation Organization''' ('''SCO'''), a regional grouping that includes Russia and the Central Asian nations of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. Beijing has resolved many of its border and [[maritime]] disputes, notably including a November 1997 agreement with Russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with [[Vietnam]] to resolve differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over islands in the [[South China Sea]]. Relations with [[Japan]] improved following Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]]'s October 2006 visit to Beijing, although longstanding and emotionally charged disputes over [[history]] and competing claims to portions of the [[East China Sea]] remain sources of tension.  

China has likewise improved ties with Russia, with Presidents Putin and Hu exchanging visits to Beijing and Moscow in April 2006 and March 2007. A second round of Russia-China joint military exercises was scheduled for fall 2007. China played a prominent role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a regional grouping that includes Russia and the Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Beijing has resolved many of its border and maritime disputes, notably including a November 1997 agreement with Russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with Vietnam to resolve differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over islands in the [[South China Sea]]. Relations with Japan improved following Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's October 2006 visit to Beijing, although longstanding and emotionally charged disputes over history and competing claims to portions of the East China Sea remain sources of tension.  

While in many ways Sudan's primary [[diplomatic]] patron, China has played a role in support of [[U.N. Peacekeeping]] operations in [[Southern Sudan]] and pledged to contribute an engineering unit in support of [[UN]] operations in [[Darfur]]. China has stated publicly that it shares the [[international]] community's concern over Iran's [[nuclear]] program and has voted in support of UN sanctions resolutions on Iran. Set against this has been an effort on the part of China to maintain close ties to countries such as Iran, [[Sudan]], [[Zimbabwe]], and [[Venezuela]], which are sources of oil and other resources and which welcome China's non-conditional assistance and investment.

While in many ways Sudan's primary diplomatic patron, China has played a role in support of U.N. Peacekeeping operations in Southern Sudan and pledged to contribute an engineering unit in support of UN operations in Darfur. China has stated publicly that it shares the international community's concern over Iran's nuclear program and has voted in support of UN sanctions resolutions on Iran. Set against this has been an effort on the part of China to maintain close ties to countries such as Iran, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela, which are sources of oil and other resources and which welcome China's non-conditional assistance and investment.

Bt 2026 the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has grown to encompass [[Russia]], China, [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], and [[Central Asia]]n states representing nearly half the world's [[population]]. Originally focused on regional [[security]], the SCO now positions itself as a platform for advancing [[multipolar]]ity and resisting [[Western alliance|Western]] [[hegemony]].

====Military developments====

====Military developments====

China's "economic miracle" since it was granted [[Most Favored Nation]] (MFN) status by the U.S. Congress in 2002, and access to the U.S. consumer market, led to unprecedented economic growth and better living conditions for millions of Chinese. It also strengthened the grip of the anti-democratic [[Chinese Communist Party]] over people's everyday lives, and the loss of manufacturing jobs for consumer products in the United States.

China's "economic miracle" since it was granted [[Most Favored Nation]] (MFN) status by the U.S. Congress in 2002, and access to the U.S. consumer market, led to unprecedented economic growth and better living conditions for millions of Chinese. It also strengthened the grip of the anti-democratic [[Chinese Communist Party]] over people's everyday lives, and the loss of manufacturing jobs for consumer products in the United States.

[[File:Deng successors.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Deng successors Xi, Hu, and Zemin.]]

[[File:Deng successors.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Deng successors Xi, Hu, and Jiang.]]

China's investment climate changed significantly. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. Foreign direct investment (FDI) grew quickly during the 1980s, but stalled in late 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions. Since the early 1990s, China has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. However, the Chinese Government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. China is now one of the leading recipients of FDI in the world, receiving almost $80 billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics.  

China's investment climate changed significantly. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. Foreign direct investment (FDI) grew quickly during the 1980s, but stalled in late 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions. Since the early 1990s, China has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. However, the Chinese Government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. China is now one of the leading recipients of FDI in the world, receiving almost $80 billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics.  

The true scale of the murders went unreported in Western media for nearly 30 years,<ref>https://archive.is/6nzNI#selection-2459.16-2479.159</ref> as globalists negotiated trade agreements and welcomed the [[PRC]] into the World Trade Organization.  Western sources, including [[Wikipedia]], toe the Chinese Communist Party party line on many events and details, including casualty statistics.

The true scale of the murders went unreported in Western media for nearly 30 years,<ref>https://archive.is/6nzNI#selection-2459.16-2479.159</ref> as globalists negotiated trade agreements and welcomed the [[PRC]] into the World Trade Organization.  Western sources, including [[Wikipedia]], toe the Chinese Communist Party party line on many events and details, including casualty statistics.

In an object lesson about the duplicity of socialist slogans, buzzwords, and phrases geared toward seducing the youth and the naive - China's People's Army killed 10,000 of China's own people.<ref>"[https://dailycaller.com/2017/12/24/chinese-killed-at-least-10000-at-tiananmen-square-newly-declassified-documents-claim/ Chinese Killed At Least 10,000 At Tiananmen Square, Newly Declassified Documents Claim]", ''Daily Caller'', 12/24/2017.</ref>  In fact, China's People's Army has killed more of China's own people than any foreign enemy in its entire history.

In an object lesson about the [[duplicity]] of socialist slogans, buzzwords, and phrases geared toward seducing the youth and the naive - China's People's Army killed 10,000 of China's own people.<ref>"[https://dailycaller.com/2017/12/24/chinese-killed-at-least-10000-at-tiananmen-square-newly-declassified-documents-claim/ Chinese Killed At Least 10,000 At Tiananmen Square, Newly Declassified Documents Claim]", ''Daily Caller'', 12/24/2017.</ref>  In fact, China's People's Army has killed more of China's own people than any foreign enemy in its entire history.

====Persecution of Falun Gong====

====Persecution of Falun Gong====

Chinese officials are quite open that [[Belt and Road]] is aimed at creating a Eurasia wide Chinese led bloc to counter the United States.

Chinese officials are quite open that [[Belt and Road]] is aimed at creating a Eurasia wide Chinese led bloc to counter the United States.

China has been looking to construct a 120-kilometer mega canal cutting through the Isthmus of Kra, the narrowest part of the Malay Peninsula in [[Thailand]].  This will open the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Indian Ocean]], bypassing the Strait of Malacca.  What China is eyeing is a canal project in Thailand called the Kra Canal and the Thai leadership seems to be on board.  Through this canal, China is trying to reduce dependence on the Strait of Malacca. Currently, 80 percent of China's oil imports passed through the South China Sea.  

China has been looking to construct a 120-kilometer mega canal cutting through the Isthmus of Kra, the narrowest part of the Malay Peninsula in [[Thailand]].  This will open the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Indian Ocean]], bypassing the [[Strait of Malacca]].  What China is eyeing is a canal project in Thailand called the Kra Canal and the Thai leadership seems to be on board.  Through this canal, China is trying to reduce dependence on the Strait of Malacca. Currently, 80 percent of China's oil imports passed through the South China Sea.  

The Strait of Malacca is a key reason why China has not been able to grow too powerful.  Democratic and powers such as India, Australia, and

The Strait of Malacca is a key reason why China has not been able to grow too powerful.  Democratic and powers such as India, Australia, and

====Uyghur genocide====

====Uyghur genocide====

Natural population growth in Xinjiang has declined dramatically; growth rates fell by 84 percent in the two largest Uyghur prefectures between 2015 and 2018, and declined further in several minority regions in 2019. For 2020, one Uyghur region set an unprecedented near-zero birth rate target: a mere 1.05 per mille, compared to 19.66 per mille in 2018. This was intended to be achieved through “family planning work.”

Natural population growth in Xinjiang has declined dramatically; growth rates fell by 84 percent in the two largest Uyghur prefectures between 2015 and 2018, and declined further in several minority regions in 2019. For 2020, one Uyghur region set an unprecedented near-zero birth rate target: a mere 1.05 per mille, compared to 19.66 per mille in 2018. This was intended to be achieved through “family planning work.”