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The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> It was identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS), chaired by Democrat [[Pat McCarran]] of Nevada, as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>''Institute of Pacific Relations'', report of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, 1952, p. 223-225</ref>

The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> It was identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS), chaired by Democrat [[Pat McCarran]] of Nevada, as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>''Institute of Pacific Relations'', report of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, 1952, p. 223-225</ref>

[[Carroll Quigley]]—the lone Georgetown University professor singled out as inspiration by [[Bill Clinton]] in his acceptance speech at the 1992 Democratic National Convention<ref>William Jefferson Clinton, [http://www.carrollquigley.net/misc/Clinton-1992-acceptance-speech.htm Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address], 16th July 1992, New York, NY. Carrollquigley.net</ref>—has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East 'establishment' in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century."<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

Carroll Quigley—the lone Georgetown University professor singled out as inspiration by [[Bill Clinton]] in his acceptance speech at the 1992 Democratic National Convention<ref>William Jefferson Clinton, [http://www.carrollquigley.net/misc/Clinton-1992-acceptance-speech.htm Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address], 16th July 1992, New York, NY. Carrollquigley.net</ref>—has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East 'establishment' in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century."<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

==Organization and influence on the public and policymaking==

==Organization and influence on the public and policymaking==

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''.  

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''.  

The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by [[Edward C. Carter]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref>''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which received stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.

The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by [[Edward C. Carter]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref>''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which received stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.

==Instrument of Soviet policy, propaganda and military intelligence==

==Instrument of Soviet policy, propaganda and military intelligence==

[[Mary Van Kleeck]] espoused the official Soviet version in 1938 of the [[Great purge]] in IPR's ''Pacific Affairs''. Owen Lattimore defended the [[show trial]]s in Moscow in the same publication as "an evidence of democracy."<ref>''Pacific Affairs'', September, 1938.</ref>  

[[Mary Van Kleeck]] espoused the official Soviet version in 1938 of the [[Great purge]] in IPR's ''Pacific Affairs''. Owen Lattimore defended the [[show trial]]s in Moscow in the same publication as "an evidence of democracy."<ref>''Pacific Affairs'', September, 1938.</ref>  

==Sorge ring==

==Sorge ring==

Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, testified that the IPR Council in Japan was used as a spy ring by the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Hozumi Ozaki]] and [[Kinkazu Saionji]] attended the 1936 conference of the IPR at Yosemite, one as secretary and the other as an officer of the IPR in Japan. Ozaki was a journalist who enjoyed close relations to Japanese cabinet officials.  

Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, testified that the IPR Council in Japan was used as a spy ring by the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Hozumi Ozaki]] and [[Kinkazu Saionji]] attended the 1936 conference of the IPR at Yosemite, one as secretary and the other as an officer of the IPR in Japan. Ozaki was a journalist who enjoyed close relations to Japanese cabinet officials.  

==U.S. Office of War Information uses IPR disinformation==

==U.S. Office of War Information uses IPR disinformation==

When, on June 15, 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  The [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces—in the midst of the war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

When, on June 15, 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  The [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces—in the midst of the war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

During [[World War II]] an IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 [[public school]] systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel.<ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref>

During [[World War II]] an IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 [[public school]] systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel.<ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref>

==Chinese revolutionary mass murderers hailed as "agrarian reformers"==

==Chinese revolutionary mass murderers hailed as "agrarian reformers"==

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, masters of the Soviet Siberian [[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, masters of the Soviet Siberian [[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

==Senate investigations==

==Senate investigations==

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref> During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were  

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref> During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were  

identified as Communist Party members.<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref> The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

identified as Communist Party members.<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref> The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

==Reece Committee==

==Reece Committee==

The Eighty-third Congress set up in 1953 a Special [[Reece Committee]] to investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. An interesting report showing the [[Left-wing]] associations of interlocking nexus of tax-exempt foundations was issued in 1954 rather quietly.<ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Dodd_Report_to_the_Reese_Committee_on_Foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-POL.sml.pdf&id=158&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Dodd Report to the Reese Committee on Foundations-1954].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1000 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1000pgs-PART1-GOV.sml.pdf&id=35&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 1].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1086 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1086pgs-PART2-GOV.sml.pdf&id=36&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 2].</ref><ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-2086pgs-GOV.sml.pdf&id=34&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-2086 pgs].</ref> Four years later, the Reece Committee's general counsel, Rene A Wormser, wrote a book on the subject called ''Foundations: Their Power and Influence.''<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'', Quigley, pg. 954.</ref>

The Eighty-third Congress set up in 1953 a Special [[Reece Committee]] to investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. An interesting report showing the [[Left-wing]] associations of interlocking nexus of tax-exempt foundations was issued in 1954 rather quietly.<ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Dodd_Report_to_the_Reese_Committee_on_Foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-POL.sml.pdf&id=158&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Dodd Report to the Reese Committee on Foundations-1954].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1000 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1000pgs-PART1-GOV.sml.pdf&id=35&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 1].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1086 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1086pgs-PART2-GOV.sml.pdf&id=36&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 2].</ref><ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-2086pgs-GOV.sml.pdf&id=34&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-2086 pgs].</ref> Four years later, the Reece Committee's general counsel, Rene A Wormser, wrote a book on the subject called ''Foundations: Their Power and Influence.''<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'', Quigley, pg. 954.</ref>

==References==

==References==

==See also==

==See also==

==External links==

==External links==

*FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster106.pdf Vol. 106, pgs. 10 - 56] pdf, April 8, 1947. 55-page report on Maynard Gertler [http://qnc.queensu.ca/gazette/3da3166a3d136.pdf] a former State Department and [[Office of Strategic Services]] employee said by the [[FBI]] to have "in his possession approximately 1,000 documents, some of which are stamped restricted, confidential and top secret." According to FBI surveillance and background checks, Gertler was a contact of Philip Dunaway, [[Maurice Halperin]], David Wahl, Bowen Smith, and others of their circle. His academic connections included Robert Brady, [[Franz Neumann]], Robert Lynd, and [[Owen Lattimore]].

*FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster106.pdf Vol. 106, pgs. 10 - 56] pdf, April 8, 1947. 55-page report on Maynard Gertler [http://qnc.queensu.ca/gazette/3da3166a3d136.pdf] a former State Department and [[Office of Strategic Services]] employee said by the [[FBI]] to have "in his possession approximately 1,000 documents, some of which are stamped restricted, confidential and top secret." According to FBI surveillance and background checks, Gertler was a contact of Philip Dunaway, [[Maurice Halperin]], David Wahl, Bowen Smith, and others of their circle. His academic connections included Robert Brady, [[Franz Neumann]], Robert Lynd, and [[Owen Lattimore]].

{{communism}}

{{communism}}

[[Category:World War II]]

[[Category:World War II]]

[[Category:Espionage]]

[[Category:Espionage]]

[[Category:United States Political Scandals]]

[[Category:United States Political Scandals]]