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Line 1: − Manifesto of the Communist Party+ − A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have+ − entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, − French Radicals and German police-spies. − Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in − power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, − against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? − Two things result from this fact: − I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a − − II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, − publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the − Spectre of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself. − To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the − following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish − languages. − I. Bourgeois and Proletarians* − The history of all hitherto existing society† − is the history of class struggles. − Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master‡ − and journeyman, in a − word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an − uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary − reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. − In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society − into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, − knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, − apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations. − The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done − away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, − new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. − *+ − By bourgeoisie is meant the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of+ − wage labour. By proletariat, the class of modern wage labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are+ − reduced to selling their labour power in order to live. [Engels, 1888 English edition] − † − That is, all written history. In 1847, the pre-history of society, the social organisation existing previous to recorded − history, all but unknown. Since then, August von Haxthausen (1792-1866) discovered common ownership of land in − Russia, Georg Ludwig von Maurer proved it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history, − − India to Ireland. The inner organisation of this primitive communistic society was laid bare, in its typical form, by − Lewis Henry Morgan's (1818-1861) crowning discovery of the true nature of the gens and its relation to the tribe. With − the dissolution of the primeval communities, society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic − classes. I have attempted to retrace this dissolution in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, second − edition, Stuttgart, 1886. [Engels, 1888 English Edition and 1890 German Edition (with the last sentence omitted)] − ‡ − Guild-master, that is, a full member of a guild, a master within, not a head of a guild. [Engels, 1888 English Edition] − 15 Manifesto of the Communist Party − Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has − simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great − hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other – Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. − From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these − burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed. − − bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the − colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, − to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary − element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. − − now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system − took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; − division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour − in each single workshop. − Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacturer no longer − sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of − manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry; the place of the industrial middle class by − industrial millionaires, the leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois. − Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the − way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to − communication by land. This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; − and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion − the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class − handed down from the Middle Ages. − We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of − development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. − Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political − advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and − self-governing association in the medieval commune* − : here independent urban republic (as in − Italy and Germany); there taxable “third estate” of the monarchy (as in France); afterwards, in the − period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a − counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, the − bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, − conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive − of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole − bourgeoisie. − The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part. − The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, − idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his − “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked selfinterest, than callous “cash payment”. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious − *+ − This was the name given their urban communities by the townsmen of Italy and France, after they had purchased or+ − conquered their initial rights of self-government from their feudal lords. [Engels, 1890 German edition] “Commune”+ − was the name taken in France by the nascent towns even before they had conquered from their feudal lords and masters − local self-government and political rights as the “Third Estate.” Generally speaking, for the economical development of − the bourgeoisie, England is here taken as the typical country, for its political development, France. [Engels, 1888 − English Edition] − 16 Manifesto of the Communist Party − fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical − calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless − indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom – Free Trade. In − one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, − shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. − The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with − reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, − into its paid wage labourers. − The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family − relation to a mere money relation. − The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle − Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful − indolence. It has been the first to show what man’s activity can bring about. It has accomplished − wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has − conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades. − The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, − and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. − Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first − condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of production, − uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation − distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their − train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones − become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is − profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his − relations with his kind. − The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire − surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions − everywhere. − The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character − to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has − drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established − national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new − industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by − industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the − remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter − of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new − wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old − local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal − inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual − creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrowmindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local − literatures, there arises a world literature. − The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely − facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. − The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese − walls, with which it forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It − compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels − them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. − In one word, it creates a world after its own image. − 17 Manifesto of the Communist Party − The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, − has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a − considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country − dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the − civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West. − The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of − the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated population, centralised the means − of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this − was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate − interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, − with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier, and one − customs-tariff. − The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more − colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature’s − forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, − railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, − whole populations conjured out of the ground – what earlier century had even a presentiment that − such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour? − We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built − itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means − of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and − exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the − feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive − forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. − Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution − adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. − A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society, with its − relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic − means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the − powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the − history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces − against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for − the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that − by their periodical return put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time − more threateningly. In these crises, a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the − previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises, there breaks out − an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity – the epidemic of overproduction. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears − as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of − subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much − civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The − productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the − conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these − conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring − disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The − conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how − does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of − productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough − exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more − destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented. − 18 Manifesto of the Communist Party − The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against − the bourgeoisie itself. − But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called − into existence the men who are to wield those weapons – the modern working class – the − proletarians. − In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the − proletariat, the modern working class, developed – a class of labourers, who live only so long as − they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, − who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and − are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the − market. − Owing to the extensive use of machinery, and to the division of labour, the work of the − proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He − becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and − most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is − restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance, and for − the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to − its cost of production. In proportion, therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the − wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour − increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the − working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of − machinery, etc. − Modern Industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory − of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like − soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect − hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the − bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above − all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims − gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is. − The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more − modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. − Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. − All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex. − No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far, at an end, that he − receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the − landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc. − The lower strata of the middle class – the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, and retired tradesmen − generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants – all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly − because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is − carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their − specialised skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is − recruited from all classes of the population. − The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with − the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople − of a factory, then by the operative of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois − who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of − production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares − that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they − seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages. − 19 Manifesto of the Communist Party − At this stage, the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and − broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this − is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which − class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, − and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight − their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the − landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeois. Thus, the whole historical − movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory − for the bourgeoisie. − But with the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes − concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various − interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in − proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces − wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting − commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The increasing − improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more − precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and − more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon, the workers begin to form − combinations (Trades’ Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the − rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these − occasional revolts. Here and there, the contest breaks out into riots. − Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, − not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. This union is helped − on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry, and that place − the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was − needed to centralise the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national − struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain − which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the − modern proletarian, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years. − This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently into a political party, is − continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever − rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests − of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the tenhours’ bill in England was carried. − Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many ways, the course of − development of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first − with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have − become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all time with the bourgeoisie of foreign − countries. In all these battles, it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for help, − and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the − proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes − the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie. − Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling class are, by the advance of − industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of existence. − These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress. − Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the progress of dissolution going − on within the ruling class, in fact within the whole range of old society, assumes such a violent, − glaring character, that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the − revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at an earlier − 20 Manifesto of the Communist Party − period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie − goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have − raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole. − Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a − really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern − Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential product. − The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these − fight against the bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle − class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for − they try to roll back the wheel of history. If by chance, they are revolutionary, they are only so in − view of their impending transfer into the proletariat; they thus defend not their present, but their − future interests, they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat. − The “dangerous class”, [lumpenproletariat] the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown − off by the lowest layers of the old society, may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a − proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed − tool of reactionary intrigue. − In the condition of the proletariat, those of old society at large are already virtually swamped. The − proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in − common with the bourgeois family relations; modern industry labour, modern subjection to − capital, the same in England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every − trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, − behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests. − All the preceding classes that got the upper hand sought to fortify their already acquired status by − subjecting society at large to their conditions of appropriation. The proletarians cannot become − masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of − appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They have nothing of − their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and − insurances of, individual property. − All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. − The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, − in the interest of the immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, − cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society − being sprung into the air. − Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first − a national struggle. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with − its own bourgeoisie. − In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or − less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into − open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the − sway of the proletariat. − Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of − oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be − assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of − serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the − yoke of the feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern labourer, on the − contrary, instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the − conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more − rapidly than population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the bourgeoisie is unfit any − longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as − 21 Manifesto of the Communist Party − − within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, − instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its − existence is no longer compatible with society. − The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation − − exclusively on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary − promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by the − revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, − cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates − products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall − and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. − II. Proletarians and Communists − In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a whole? − The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class parties. − They have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole. − They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to shape and mould the − proletarian movement. − The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties by this only: 1. In the − national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the − front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the − various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has − to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole. − The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most advanced and resolute − section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all − others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the − advantage of clearly understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general − results of the proletarian movement. − The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: − formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of − political power by the proletariat. − The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that − have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer. − They merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from an existing class struggle, − from a historical movement going on under our very eyes. The abolition of existing property − relations is not at all a distinctive feature of communism. − All property relations in the past have continually been subject to historical change consequent − upon the change in historical conditions. − The French Revolution, for example, abolished feudal property in favour of bourgeois property. − The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the − abolition of bourgeois property. But modern bourgeois private property is the final and most − complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, that is based on class − antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. − In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition − of private property. − We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the right of personally − acquiring property as the fruit of a man’s own labour, which property is alleged to be the − groundwork of all personal freedom, activity and independence. − Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the property of petty artisan and of − the small peasant, a form of property that preceded the bourgeois form? There is no need to − abolish that; the development of industry has to a great extent already destroyed it, and is still − destroying it daily. − Or do you mean the modern bourgeois private property? − But does wage-labour create any property for the labourer? Not a bit. It creates capital, i.e., that − kind of property which exploits wage-labour, and which cannot increase except upon condition of − begetting a new supply of wage-labour for fresh exploitation. Property, in its present form, is − 23 Chapter II: Proletarians and Communists − based on the antagonism of capital and wage labour. Let us examine both sides of this − antagonism. − To be a capitalist, is to have not only a purely personal, but a social status in production. Capital − is a collective product, and only by the united action of many members, nay, in the last resort, − only by the united action of all members of society, can it be set in motion. − Capital is therefore not only personal; it is a social power. − When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into the property of all members of − society, personal property is not thereby transformed into social property. It is only the social − character of the property that is changed. It loses its class character. − Let us now take wage-labour. − The average price of wage-labour is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of − subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the labourer in bare existence as a labourer. − What, therefore, the wage-labourer appropriates by means of his labour, merely suffices to − prolong and reproduce a bare existence. We by no means intend to abolish this personal − appropriation of the products of labour, an appropriation that is made for the maintenance and − reproduction of human life, and that leaves no surplus wherewith to command the labour of − others. All that we want to do away with is the miserable character of this appropriation, under − which the labourer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the − interest of the ruling class requires it. − In bourgeois society, living labour is but a means to increase accumulated labour. In Communist − society, accumulated labour is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the − labourer. − In bourgeois society, therefore, the past dominates the present; in Communist society, the present − dominates the past. In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the − living person is dependent and has no individuality. − And the abolition of this state of things is called by the bourgeois, abolition of individuality and − freedom! And rightly so. The abolition of bourgeois individuality, bourgeois independence, and − bourgeois freedom is undoubtedly aimed at. − By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of production, free trade, free − selling and buying. − But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying disappears also. This talk about free − selling and buying, and all the other “brave words” of our bourgeois about freedom in general, − have a meaning, if any, only in contrast with restricted selling and buying, with the fettered − traders of the Middle Ages, but have no meaning when opposed to the Communistic abolition of − buying and selling, of the bourgeois conditions of production, and of the bourgeoisie itself. − You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, − private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the − few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, − therefore, with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for whose − existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society. − In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your property. Precisely so; that is − just what we intend. − From the moment when labour can no longer be converted into capital, money, or rent, into a − social power capable of being monopolised, i.e., from the moment when individual property can − no longer be transformed into bourgeois property, into capital, from that moment, you say, − individuality vanishes. − 24 Chapter II: Proletarians and Communists − You must, therefore, confess that by “individual” you mean no other person than the bourgeois, − than the middle-class owner of property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and − made impossible. − Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society; all that it does − is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriations. − It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property, all work will cease, and universal − laziness will overtake us. − According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone to the dogs through sheer − idleness; for those of its members who work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything do − not work. The whole of this objection is but another expression of the tautology: that there can no − longer be any wage-labour when there is no longer any capital. − All objections urged against the Communistic mode of producing and appropriating material − products, have, in the same way, been urged against the Communistic mode of producing and − appropriating intellectual products. Just as, to the bourgeois, the disappearance of class property − is the disappearance of production itself, so the disappearance of class culture is to him identical − with the disappearance of all culture. − That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a mere training to act as − a machine. − But don’t wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended abolition of bourgeois property, − the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, &c. Your very ideas are but the − outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your − jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will whose essential character − and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class. − The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, − the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property – − historical relations that rise and disappear in the progress of production – this misconception you − share with every ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the case of ancient − property, what you admit in the case of feudal property, you are of course forbidden to admit in − the case of your own bourgeois form of property. − Abolition [Aufhebung] of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of − the Communists. − On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family, based? On capital, on private − gain. In its completely developed form, this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this − state of things finds its complement in the practical absence of the family among the proletarians, − and in public prostitution. − The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its complement vanishes, and both − will vanish with the vanishing of capital. − Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of children by their parents? To this crime − we plead guilty. − But, you say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, when we replace home education by − social. − And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by the social conditions under which − you educate, by the intervention direct or indirect, of society, by means of schools, &c.? The − Communists have not invented the intervention of society in education; they do but seek to alter − the character of that intervention, and to rescue education from the influence of the ruling class. − The bourgeois clap-trap about the family and education, about the hallowed co-relation of parents − and child, becomes all the more disgusting, the more, by the action of Modern Industry, all the − 25 Chapter II: Proletarians and Communists − family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their children transformed into simple − articles of commerce and instruments of labour. − But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams the bourgeoisie in chorus. − The bourgeois sees his wife a mere instrument of production. He hears that the instruments of − production are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion that − the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. − He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away with the status of women as − mere instruments of production. − For the rest, nothing is more ridiculous than the virtuous indignation of our bourgeois at the − community of women which, they pretend, is to be openly and officially established by the − Communists. The Communists have no need to introduce community of women; it has existed − almost from time immemorial. − Our bourgeois, not content with having wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal, − not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other’s wives. − Bourgeois marriage is, in reality, a system of wives in common and thus, at the most, what the − Communists might possibly be reproached with is that they desire to introduce, in substitution for − a hypocritically concealed, an openly legalised community of women. For the rest, it is selfevident that the abolition of the present system of production must bring with it the abolition of − the community of women springing from that system, i.e., of prostitution both public and private. − The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries and nationality. − The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not got. Since the − proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of the − nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois − sense of the word. − National differences and antagonism between peoples are daily more and more vanishing, owing − to the development of the bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world market, to − uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto. − The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still faster. United action, of the − leading civilised countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the − proletariat. − In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the − exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism − between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an − end. − The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical and, generally, from an − ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious examination. − Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views, and conception, in one − word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his material − existence, in his social relations and in his social life? − What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual production changes its character − in proportion as material production is changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the − ideas of its ruling class. − When people speak of the ideas that revolutionise society, they do but express that fact that − within the old society the elements of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the − old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old conditions of existence. − When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient religions were overcome by − Christianity. When Christian ideas succumbed in the 18th century to rationalist ideas, feudal − 26 Chapter II: Proletarians and Communists − society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious − liberty and freedom of conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within − the domain of knowledge. − “Undoubtedly,” it will be said, “religious, moral, philosophical, and juridical ideas have been − modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality, philosophy, political − science, and law, constantly survived this change.” − “There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are common to all states of − society. But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, − instead of constituting them on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical − experience.” − What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of all past society has consisted in the − development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs. − But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all past ages, viz., the exploitation − of one part of society by the other. No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past ages, − despite all the multiplicity and variety it displays, moves within certain common forms, or general − ideas, which cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of class antagonisms. − The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional property relations; no − wonder that its development involved the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. − But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism. − We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the − proletariat to the position of ruling class to win the battle of democracy. − The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degree, all capital from the − bourgeoisie, to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the − proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total productive forces as rapidly as − possible. − Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the − rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures, − therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the − movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are − unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production. − These measures will, of course, be different in different countries. − Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable. − − purposes. − 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. − 3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance. − 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. − 5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank − with State capital and an exclusive monopoly. − 6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the − State. − 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the − bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally − in accordance with a common plan. − 8. Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for − agriculture. − 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of − all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the − 27 Chapter II: Proletarians and Communists − populace over the country. − 10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s − factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial − production, &c, &c. − When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has − been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will − lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of − one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is − compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a − revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions − of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the − existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own − supremacy as a class. − In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an − association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of − all. − III. Socialist and Communist Literature − 1. Reactionary Socialism − A. Feudal Socialism − Owing to their historical position, it became the vocation of the aristocracies of France and − England to write pamphlets against modern bourgeois society. In the French Revolution of July − 1830, and in the English reform agitation4 − , these aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful − upstart. Thenceforth, a serious political struggle was altogether out of the question. A literary − battle alone remained possible. But even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration − period had become impossible.* − In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy was obliged to lose sight, apparently, of its own+ − interests, and to formulate their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the exploited+ − working class alone. Thus, the aristocracy took their revenge by singing lampoons on their new − masters and whispering in his ears sinister prophesies of coming catastrophe. − In this way arose feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half lampoon; half an echo of the past, half − menace of the future; at times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie − to the very heart’s core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend − the march of modern history. − The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to them, waved the proletarian alms-bag in front for a − banner. But the people, so often as it joined them, saw on their hindquarters the old feudal coats − − One section of the French Legitimists and “Young England” exhibited this spectacle. − In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to that of the bourgeoisie, the − feudalists forget that they exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite different − and that are now antiquated. In showing that, under their rule, the modern proletariat never − existed, they forget that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their own form of − society. − For the rest, so little do they conceal the reactionary character of their criticism that their chief − accusation against the bourgeois amounts to this, that under the bourgeois régime a class is being − developed which is destined to cut up root and branch the old order of society. − What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it creates a proletariat as that it creates − a revolutionary proletariat. − In political practice, therefore, they join in all coercive measures against the working class; and in − ordinary life, despite their high-falutin phrases, they stoop to pick up the golden apples dropped − from the tree of industry, and to barter truth, love, and honour, for traffic in wool, beetroot-sugar, − and potato spirits.† − As the parson has ever gone hand in hand with the landlord, so has Clerical Socialism with+ − Feudal Socialism.+ + − *+ − Not the English Restoration (1660-1689), but the French Restoration (1814-1830). [Note by Engels to the English+ − edition of 1888.] − † − This applies chiefly to Germany, where the landed aristocracy and squirearchy have large portions of their estates − cultivated for their own account by stewards, and are, moreover, extensive beetroot-sugar manufacturers and distillers − of potato spirits. The wealthier British aristocracy are, as yet, rather above that; but they, too, know how to make up for − declining rents by lending their names to floaters or more or less shady joint-stock companies. [Note by Engels to the − English edition of 1888.] − 29 Chapter III: Socialist and Communist Literature − Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist tinge. Has not Christianity − declaimed against private property, against marriage, against the State? Has it not preached in the − place of these, charity and poverty, celibacy and mortification of the flesh, monastic life and − Mother Church? Christian Socialism is but the holy water with which the priest consecrates the − heart-burnings of the aristocrat. − B. Petty-Bourgeois Socialism − The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that was ruined by the bourgeoisie, not the only − class whose conditions of existence pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois − society. The medieval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were the precursors of the − modern bourgeoisie. In those countries which are but little developed, industrially and − commercially, these two classes still vegetate side by side with the rising bourgeoisie. − In countries where modern civilisation has become fully developed, a new class of petty − bourgeois has been formed, fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie, and ever renewing − itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society. The individual members of this class, − however, are being constantly hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition, and, − as modern industry develops, they even see the moment approaching when they will completely − disappear as an independent section of modern society, to be replaced in manufactures, − agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen. − In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more than half of the population, it was − natural that writers who sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie should use, in their − criticism of the bourgeois régime, the standard of the peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the − standpoint of these intermediate classes, should take up the cudgels for the working class. Thus − arose petty-bourgeois Socialism. Sismondi was the head of this school, not only in France but − also in England. − This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the contradictions in the conditions of − modern production. It laid bare the hypocritical apologies of economists. It proved, − incontrovertibly, the disastrous effects of machinery and division of labour; the concentration of − capital and land in a few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the inevitable ruin of the − petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery of the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying − inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of extermination between nations, the − dissolution of old moral bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities. − In its positive aims, however, this form of Socialism aspires either to restoring the old means of − production and of exchange, and with them the old property relations, and the old society, or to − cramping the modern means of production and of exchange within the framework of the old − property relations that have been, and were bound to be, exploded by those means. In either case, − it is both reactionary and Utopian. − Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture; patriarchal relations in agriculture. − Ultimately, when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all intoxicating effects of self-deception, − this form of Socialism ended in a miserable fit of the blues. − C. German or “True” Socialism − The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature that originated under the pressure − of a bourgeoisie in power, and that was the expressions of the struggle against this power, was − introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie, in that country, had just begun its − contest with feudal absolutism. − German philosophers, would-be philosophers, and beaux esprits (men of letters), eagerly seized − on this literature, only forgetting, that when these writings immigrated from France into − Germany, French social conditions had not immigrated along with them. In contact with German − 30 Chapter III: Socialist and Communist Literature − social conditions, this French literature lost all its immediate practical significance and assumed a − purely literary aspect. Thus, to the German philosophers of the Eighteenth Century, the demands − of the first French Revolution were nothing more than the demands of “Practical Reason” in − general, and the utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie signified, in their − eyes, the laws of pure Will, of Will as it was bound to be, of true human Will generally. − The work of the German literati consisted solely in bringing the new French ideas into harmony − with their ancient philosophical conscience, or rather, in annexing the French ideas without − deserting their own philosophic point of view. − This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign language is appropriated, namely, − by translation. − It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic Saints over the manuscripts on − which the classical works of ancient heathendom had been written. The German literati reversed − this process with the profane French literature. They wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath − the French original. For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic functions of − money, they wrote “Alienation of Humanity”, and beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois − state they wrote “Dethronement of the Category of the General”, and so forth. − The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of the French historical criticisms, − they dubbed “Philosophy of Action”, “True Socialism”, “German Science of Socialism”, − “Philosophical Foundation of Socialism”, and so on. − The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus completely emasculated. And, since it − ceased in the hands of the German to express the struggle of one class with the other, he felt − conscious of having overcome “French one-sidedness” and of representing, not true requirements, − but the requirements of Truth; not the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of Human − Nature, of Man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only in the misty − realm of philosophical fantasy. − This German socialism, which took its schoolboy task so seriously and solemnly, and extolled its − poor stock-in-trade in such a mountebank fashion, meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic − innocence. − The fight of the Germans, and especially of the Prussian bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy − and absolute monarchy, in other words, the liberal movement, became more earnest. − By this, the long-wished for opportunity was offered to “True” Socialism of confronting the − political movement with the Socialist demands, of hurling the traditional anathemas against − liberalism, against representative government, against bourgeois competition, bourgeois freedom − of the press, bourgeois legislation, bourgeois liberty and equality, and of preaching to the masses − that they had nothing to gain, and everything to lose, by this bourgeois movement. German − Socialism forgot, in the nick of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was, − presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its corresponding economic − conditions of existence, and the political constitution adapted thereto, the very things those − attainment was the object of the pending struggle in Germany. − To the absolute governments, with their following of parsons, professors, country squires, and − officials, it served as a welcome scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie. − It was a sweet finish, after the bitter pills of flogging and bullets, with which these same − governments, just at that time, dosed the German working-class risings. − While this “True” Socialism thus served the government as a weapon for fighting the German − bourgeoisie, it, at the same time, directly represented a reactionary interest, the interest of German − Philistines. In Germany, the petty-bourgeois class, a relic of the sixteenth century, and since then − constantly cropping up again under the various forms, is the real social basis of the existing state − of things. − 31 Chapter III: Socialist and Communist Literature − To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of things in Germany. The industrial and − political supremacy of the bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction – on the one hand, − from the concentration of capital; on the other, from the rise of a revolutionary proletariat. “True” − Socialism appeared to kill these two birds with one stone. It spread like an epidemic. − The robe of speculative cobwebs, embroidered with flowers of rhetoric, steeped in the dew of − sickly sentiment, this transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their sorry − “eternal truths”, all skin and bone, served to wonderfully increase the sale of their goods amongst − such a public. − And on its part German Socialism recognised, more and more, its own calling as the bombastic − representative of the petty-bourgeois Philistine. − It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation, and the German petty Philistine to be the − typical man. To every villainous meanness of this model man, it gave a hidden, higher, Socialistic − interpretation, the exact contrary of its real character. It went to the extreme length of directly − opposing the “brutally destructive” tendency of Communism, and of proclaiming its supreme and − impartial contempt of all class struggles. With very few exceptions, all the so-called Socialist and − Communist publications that now (1847) circulate in Germany belong to the domain of this foul − − 2. Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism+ − A part of the bourgeoisie is desirous of redressing social grievances in order to secure the − continued existence of bourgeois society. − To this section belong economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, improvers of the condition of − the working class, organisers of charity, members of societies for the prevention of cruelty to − animals, temperance fanatics, hole-and-corner reformers of every imaginable kind. This form of − socialism has, moreover, been worked out into complete systems. − We may cite Proudhon’s Philosophie de la Misère as an example of this form. − The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions without the − struggles and dangers necessarily resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society, − minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish for a bourgeoisie without a − proletariat. The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best; − and bourgeois Socialism develops this comfortable conception into various more or less complete − systems. In requiring the proletariat to carry out such a system, and thereby to march straightway − into the social New Jerusalem, it but requires in reality, that the proletariat should remain within − the bounds of existing society, but should cast away all its hateful ideas concerning the − bourgeoisie. − A second, and more practical, but less systematic, form of this Socialism sought to depreciate − every revolutionary movement in the eyes of the working class by showing that no mere political − reform, but only a change in the material conditions of existence, in economical relations, could − be of any advantage to them. By changes in the material conditions of existence, this form of − Socialism, however, by no means understands abolition of the bourgeois relations of production, − an abolition that can be affected only by a revolution, but administrative reforms, based on the − continued existence of these relations; reforms, therefore, that in no respect affect the relations − between capital and labour, but, at the best, lessen the cost, and simplify the administrative work, − of bourgeois government. − *+ − The revolutionary storm of 1848 swept away this whole shabby tendency and cured its protagonists of the desire to+ − dabble in socialism. The chief representative and classical type of this tendency is Mr Karl Gruen. [Note by Engels to+ − + − 32 Chapter III: Socialist and Communist Literature+ − Bourgeois Socialism attains adequate expression when, and only when, it becomes a mere figure − − Free trade: for the benefit of the working class. Protective duties: for the benefit of the working − class. Prison Reform: for the benefit of the working class. This is the last word and the only − seriously meant word of bourgeois socialism. − It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois – for the benefit of the working class. − 3. Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism − We do not here refer to that literature which, in every great modern revolution, has always given − voice to the demands of the proletariat, such as the writings of Babeuf and others. − The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own ends, made in times of universal − excitement, when feudal society was being overthrown, necessarily failed, owing to the then − undeveloped state of the proletariat, as well as to the absence of the economic conditions for its − emancipation, conditions that had yet to be produced, and could be produced by the impending − bourgeois epoch alone. The revolutionary literature that accompanied these first movements of − the proletariat had necessarily a reactionary character. It inculcated universal asceticism and − social levelling in its crudest form. − The Socialist and Communist systems, properly so called, those of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, − − between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section I. Bourgeois and Proletarians). − The founders of these systems see, indeed, the class antagonisms, as well as the action of the − decomposing elements in the prevailing form of society. But the proletariat, as yet in its infancy, − offers to them the spectacle of a class without any historical initiative or any independent political − movement. − Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with the development of industry, the − economic situation, as they find it, does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the − emancipation of the proletariat. They therefore search after a new social science, after new social − laws, that are to create these conditions. − Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive action; historically created conditions of − emancipation to fantastic ones; and the gradual, spontaneous class organisation of the proletariat − to an organisation of society especially contrived by these inventors. Future history resolves − itself, in their eyes, into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of their social plans. − In the formation of their plans, they are conscious of caring chiefly for the interests of the − working class, as being the most suffering class. Only from the point of view of being the most − suffering class does the proletariat exist for them. − The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their own surroundings, causes Socialists − − − appeal to society at large, without the distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the ruling class. − For how can people, when once they understand their system, fail to see in it the best possible − plan of the best possible state of society? − Hence, they reject all political, and especially all revolutionary action; they wish to attain their − ends by peaceful means, necessarily doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the − way for the new social Gospel. − Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a time when the proletariat is still in a very − undeveloped state and has but a fantastic conception of its own position, correspond with the first − instinctive yearnings of that class for a general reconstruction of society. − 33 Chapter III: Socialist and Communist Literature − But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a critical element. They attack every − principle of existing society. Hence, they are full of the most valuable materials for the − enlightenment of the working class. The practical measures proposed in them – such as the − abolition of the distinction between town and country, of the family, of the carrying on of − industries for the account of private individuals, and of the wage system, the proclamation of − social harmony, the conversion of the function of the state into a more superintendence of − production – all these proposals point solely to the disappearance of class antagonisms which − were, at that time, only just cropping up, and which, in these publications, are recognised in their − earliest indistinct and undefined forms only. These proposals, therefore, are of a purely Utopian − character. − The significance of Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism bears an inverse relation to − historical development. In proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes definite − shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest, these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical − value and all theoretical justification. Therefore, although the originators of these systems were, − in many respects, revolutionary, their disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary − sects. They hold fast by the original views of their masters, in opposition to the progressive − historical development of the proletariat. They, therefore, endeavour, and that consistently, to − deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class antagonisms. They still dream of experimental − realisation of their social Utopias, of founding isolated “phalansteres”, of establishing “Home − Colonies”, or setting up a “Little Icaria”* − – duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem – and to − realise all these castles in the air, they are compelled to appeal to the feelings and purses of the − bourgeois. By degrees, they sink into the category of the reactionary [or] conservative Socialists − depicted above, differing from these only by more systematic pedantry, and by their fanatical and − superstitious belief in the miraculous effects of their social science. − They, therefore, violently oppose all political action on the part of the working class; such action, − according to them, can only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel. − The Owenites in England, and the Fourierists in France, respectively, oppose the Chartists and the − Réformistes. − * Phalanstéres were Socialist colonies on the plan of Charles Fourier; Icaria was the name given by Cabet to his Utopia+ − and, later on, to his American Communist colony. [Note by Engels to the English edition of 1888.]+ − “Home Colonies” were what Owen called his Communist model societies. Phalanstéres was the name of the public+ − palaces planned by Fourier. Icaria was the name given to the Utopian land of fancy, whose Communist institutions+ − Cabet portrayed. [Note by Engels to the German edition of 1890.] − IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the − Various Existing Opposition Parties − Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the existing working-class parties, − such as the Chartists in England and the Agrarian Reformers in America. − The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the enforcement of the − momentary interests of the working class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent − and take care of the future of that movement. In France, the Communists ally with the SocialDemocrats* − against the conservative and radical bourgeoisie, reserving, however, the right to take − up a critical position in regard to phases and illusions traditionally handed down from the great − Revolution. − In Switzerland, they support the Radicals, without losing sight of the fact that this party consists − of antagonistic elements, partly of Democratic Socialists, in the French sense, partly of radical − bourgeois. − In Poland, they support the party that insists on an agrarian revolution as the prime condition for − national emancipation, that party which fomented the insurrection of Cracow in 1846. − In Germany, they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a revolutionary way, against the − absolute monarchy, the feudal squirearchy, and the petty bourgeoisie. − But they never cease, for a single instant, to instil into the working class the clearest possible − recognition of the hostile antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat, in order that the − German workers may straightway use, as so many weapons against the bourgeoisie, the social − − and in order that, after the fall of the reactionary classes in Germany, the fight against the − bourgeoisie itself may immediately begin. − The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because that country is on the eve of a − bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of European − civilisation and with a much more developed proletariat than that of England was in the − seventeenth, and France in the eighteenth century, and because the bourgeois revolution in − Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately following proletarian revolution. − In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing − social and political order of things. − In all these movements, they bring to the front, as the leading question in each, the property − question, no matter what its degree of development at the time. − Finally, they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all − countries. − The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can − be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes − tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They − have a world to win. − Working Men of All Countries, Unite!5 − *+ − The party then represented in Parliament by Ledru-Rollin, in literature by Louis Blanc, in the daily − press by the Réforme. The name of Social-Democracy signifies, with these its inventors, a section of − the Democratic or Republican Party more or less tinged with socialism. [Engels, English Edition − 1888] − Letter from Engels to Marx, 24 November 1847* − Paris, 23-24 November 1847 − Dear Marx, − Not until this evening was it decided that I should be coming. Saturday evening, then, in Ostend, − Hôtel de la Couronne, just opposite the railway station beside the harbour, and Sunday morning − across the water. If you take the train that leaves between 4 and 5, you’ll arrive at about the − same time as I do. ... − Tuesday evening − Verte [PTO] − Give a little thought to the “Confession of Faith.” I think we would do best to abandon the − catechetical form and call the thing “Communist Manifesto.” Since a certain amount of history − has to be narrated in it, the form hitherto adopted is quite unsuitable. I shall be bringing with me − the one from here, which I did [“Principles of Communism”]; it is in simple narrative form, but − wretchedly worded, in a tearing hurry. I start off by asking: What is communism? and then − straight on to the proletariat – the history of its origins, how it differs from earlier workers, − development of the antithesis between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, crises, conclusions. In − between, all kinds of secondary matter and, finally, the communists’ party policy, in so far as it − should be made public. The one here has not yet been submitted in its entirety for endorsement − but, save for a few quite minor points, I think I can get it through in such a form that at least there − is nothing in it which conflicts with our views. ... − *+ − From MECW Volume 38, p. 146; Written: 24 November 1847; First published: in Der Briefwechsel zwischen F.+ − Engels und K. Marx, 1913. − Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith* − This document is the draft programme discussed at the First Congress of the Communist League in − London on June 2-9, 1847. − The Congress was a final stage in the reorganisation of the League of the Just – an organisation of − German workers and craftsmen, which was founded in Paris in 1836-37 and soon acquired an − international character, having communities in Germany, France, Switzerland, Britain and Sweden. − The activity of Marx and Engels directed towards the ideological and organisational unity of the − socialists and advanced workers prompted the leaders of the League (Karl Schapper, Joseph Moll, − Heinrich Bauer), who resided in London front November 1846, to ask for their help in reorganising − the League and drafting its new program me. When Marx and Engels were convinced that the leaders − of the League of the Just were ready to accept the principles of scientific communism as its − programme they accepted the offer to join the League made to them late in January 1847. − Engels’ active participation in the work of the Congress (Marx was unable to go to London) affected − the course and the results of its proceedings. The League was renamed the Communist League, the old − motto of the League of the Just “All men are brothers” was replaced by a new, Marxist one: “Working − Men of All Countries, Unite! “ The draft programme and the draft Rules of the League were approved − at the last sitting on June 9, 1847. − The full text of the “Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith” (Credo) became known only in 1968. − It was found by the Swiss scholar Bert Andréas together with the draft Rules and the circular of the − First Congress to the members of the League in the archives of Joachim Friedrich Martens, an active − member of the Communist League, which are kept in the State and University Library in Hamburg. − This discovery made it possible to ascertain a number of important points in the history of the − Communist League and the drafting of its programme documents. It had been previously assumed that − the First Congress did no more than adopt a decision to draw up a programme and that the draft itself − was made by the London Central Authority of the Communist League (Joseph Moll, Karl Schapper − and Heinrich Bauer) after the Congress between June and August 1847. The new documents show that − the draft was ready by June 9, 1847 and that its author was Engels (the manuscript found in Martens’ − archives, with the exception of some inserted words, the concluding sentence and the signatures of the − president and the secretary of the Congress, was written in Engels’ hand). − The document testifies to Engels’ great influence on the discussion of the programme at the Congress − – the formulation of the answers to most of the questions is a Marxist one. Besides, while drafting the − programme, Engels had to take into account that the members of the League had not yet freed − themselves from the influence of utopian ideas and this was reflected in the formulation of the first six − questions and answers. The form of a “revolutionary catechism” was also commonly used in the − League of the Just and other organisations of workers and craftsmen at the time. It may he assumed − that Engels intended to give greater precision to some of the formulations of the programme document − in the course of further discussion and revision. − After the First Congress of the Communist League, the “Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith” − was sent, together with the draft Rules, to the communities for discussion, the results of which were to − be taken into account at the time of the final approval of the programme and the Rules at the Second − Congress. When working on another, improved draft programme, the Principles of Communism, in − late October 1847, Engels made direct use of the “Confession of Faith”, as can be seen from the − coincidences of the texts, and also from references in the Principles to the earlier document when − Engels had apparently decided to leave formulations of some of the answers as they were. − *+ − From MECW Volume 6, p. 92; written by Engels, June 9 1847; first published in Gründungsdokumente des Bundes − der Kommunisten, Hamburg, 1969, in English in Birth of the Communist Manifesto, International Publishers, 1971. − 37 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − A Communist Confession of Faith − Question 1: Are you a Communist? − Answer: Yes. − Question 2: What is the aim of the Communists? − Answer: To organise society in such a way that every member of it can develop − and use all his capabilities and powers in complete freedom and without thereby − infringing the basic conditions of this society. − Question 3: How do you wish to achieve this aim? − Answer: By the elimination of private property and its replacement by community − of property. − Question 4: On what do you base your community of property? − Answer: Firstly, on the mass of productive forces and means of subsistence − resulting from the development of industry, agriculture, trade and colonisation, − and on the possibility inherent in machinery, chemical and other resources of their − infinite extension. − Secondly, on the fact that in the consciousness or feeling of every individual there − exist certain irrefutable basic principles which, being the result of the whole of − historical development, require no proof. − Question 5: What are such principles? − Answer: For example, every individual strives to be happy. The happiness of the − individual is inseparable from the happiness of all, etc. − Question 6: How do you wish to prepare the way for your community of property? − Answer: By enlightening and uniting the proletariat. − Question 7: What is the proletariat? − Answer: The proletariat is that class of society which lives exclusively by its − labour and not on the profit from any kind of capital; that class whose weal and − woe, whose life and death, therefore, depend on the alternation of times of good − and bad business;. in a word, on the fluctuations of competition. − Question 8: Then there have not always been proletarians? − Answer: No. There have always been poor and working classes; and those who − worked were almost always the poor. But there have not always been proletarians, − just as competition has not always been free. − Question 9: How did the proletariat arise? − Answer: The proletariat came into being as a result of the introduction of the − machines which have been invented since the middle of the last century and the − most important of which are: the steam-engine, the spinning machine and the − power loom. These machines, which were very expensive and could therefore − only be purchased by rich people, supplanted the workers of the time, because by − the use of machinery it was possible to produce commodities more quickly and − cheaply than could the workers with their imperfect spinning wheels and handlooms. The machines thus delivered industry entirely into the hands of the big − capitalists and rendered the workers’ scanty property which consisted mainly of − their tools, looms, etc., quite worthless, so that the capitalist was left with − everything, the worker with nothing. In this way the factory system was − 38 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − introduced. Once the capitalists saw how advantageous this was for them, they − sought to extend it to more and more branches of labour. They divided work more − and more between the workers so that workers who formerly had made a whole − article now produced only a part of it. Labour simplified in this way produced − goods more quickly and therefore more cheaply and only now was it found in − almost every branch of labour that here also machines could be used. As soon as − any branch of labour went over to factory production it ended up, just as in the − case of spinning and weaving. in the hands of the big capitalists, and the workers − were deprived of the last remnants of their independence. We have gradually − arrived at the position where almost all branches of labour are run on a factory − basis. This has increasingly brought about the ruin of the previously existing − middle class, especially of the small master craftsmen, completely transformed the − previous position of the workers, and two new classes which are gradually − swallowing up all other classes have come into being, namely: − I. The, class of the big capitalists, who in all advanced countries are in almost − exclusive possession of the means of subsistence and those means (machines, − factories, workshops, etc.) by which these means of subsistence are produced. − This is the bourgeois class, or the bourgeoisie. − II. The class of the completely propertyless, who are compelled to sell their labour − to the first class, the bourgeois, simply to obtain from them in return their means − of subsistence. Since the parties to this trading in labour are not equal, but the − bourgeois have the advantage, the propertyless must submit to the bad conditions − laid down by the bourgeois. This class, dependent on the bourgeois, is called the − class of the proletarians or the proletariat. − Question 10: In what way does the proletarian differ from the slave? − Answer: The slave is sold once and for all, the proletarian has to sell himself by − the day and by the hour. The slave is the property of one master and for that very − reason has a guaranteed subsistence, however wretched it may be. The proletarian − is, so to speak, the slave of the entire bourgeois class, not of one master, and − therefore has no guaranteed subsistence, since nobody buys his labour if he does − not need it. The slave is accounted a thing and not a member of civil society. The − proletarian is recognised as a person, as a member of civil society. The slave may, − therefore, have a better subsistence than the proletarian but the latter stands at a − higher stage of development. The slave frees himself by becoming a proletarian, − abolishing from the totality of property relationships only the relationship of − slavery. The proletarian can free himself only by abolishing property in general. − Question 11: In what way does the proletarian differ from the serf? − Answer: The serf has the use of a piece of land, that is, of an instrument of − production, in return for handing over a greater or lesser portion of the yield. The − proletarian works with instruments of production which belong to someone else − who, in return for his labour, hands over to him a portion, determined by − competition, of the products. In the case of the serf, the share of the labourer is − determined by his own labour, that is, by himself. In the case of the proletarian it − is determined by competition, therefore in the first place by the bourgeois. The − serf has guaranteed subsistence, the proletarian has not. The serf frees himself by − driving out his feudal lord and becoming a property owner himself, thus entering − into competition and joining for the time being the possessing class, the privileged − class. The proletarian frees himself by doing away with property, competition, and − all class differences. − 39 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − Question 12: In what way does the proletarian differ from the handicraftsman? − Answer: As opposed to the proletarian, the so-called handicraftsman, who still − existed nearly everywhere during the last century and still exists here and there, is − at most a temporary proletarian. His aim is to acquire capital himself and so to − exploit other workers. He can often achieve this aim where the craft guilds still − exist or where freedom to follow a trade has not yet led to the organisation of − handwork on a factory basis and to intense competition. But as soon as the factory − system is introduced into handwork and competition is in full swing, this prospect − is eliminated and the handicraftsman becomes more and more a proletarian. The − handicraftsman therefore frees himself either by becoming a bourgeois or in − general passing over into the middle class, or, by becoming a proletarian as a − result of competition (as now happens in most cases) and joining the movement of − the proletariat – i. e., the more or less conscious communist movement. − Question 13: Then you do not believe that community of property has been possible at any time? − Answer: No. Communism has only arisen since machinery and other inventions − made it possible to hold out the prospect of an all-sided development, a happy − existence, for all members of society. Communism is the theory of a liberation − which was not possible for the slaves, the serfs, or the handicraftsmen, but only − for the proletarians and hence it belongs of necessity to the 19th century and was − not possible in any earlier period. − Question 14: Let m go back to the sixth question. As you wish to prepare for community of − property by the enlightening and uniting of the proletariat, then you reject revolution? − Answer: We are convinced not only of the uselessness but even of the − harmfulness of all conspiracies. We are also aware that revolutions are not made − deliberately and arbitrarily but that everywhere and at all times they are the − necessary consequence of circumstances which are not in any way whatever − dependent either on the will or on the leadership of individual parties or of whole − classes. But we also see that the development of the proletariat in almost all − countries of the world is forcibly repressed by the possessing classes and that thus − a revolution is being forcibly worked for by the opponents of communism. If, in − the end, the oppressed proletariat is thus driven into a revolution, then we will − defend the cause of the proletariat just as well by our deeds as now by our words. − Question 15: Do you intend to replace the existing social order by community of Property at one − stroke? − Answer: We have no such intention. The development of the masses cannot he − ordered by decree. It is determined by the development of the conditions in which − these masses live, and therefore proceeds gradually. − Question 16: How do you think the transition from the present situation to community of − Property is to be effected? − Answer: The first, fundamental condition for the introduction of community of − property is the political liberation of the proletariat through a democratic − constitution. − Question 17: What will be your first measure once you have established democracy? − Answer: Guaranteeing the subsistence of the proletariat. − Question 18: How will you do this? − 40 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − Answer. I. By limiting private property in such a way that it gradually prepares − the way for its transformation into social property, e. g., by progressive taxation, − limitation of the right of inheritance in favour of the state, etc., etc. − II. By employing workers in national workshops and factories and on national − estates. − III. By educating all children at the expense of the state. − Question 19: How will you arrange this kind of education during the period of transition? − Answer: All children will be educated in state establishments from the time when − they can do without the first maternal care. − Question 20: Will not the introduction of community of property be accompanied by the − proclamation of the community of women? − Answer: By no means. We will only interfere in the personal relationship between − men and women or with the family in general to the extent that the maintenance of − the existing institution would disturb the new social order. Besides, we are well − aware that the family relationship has been modified in the course of history by − the property relationships and by periods of development, and that consequently − the ending of private property will also have a most important influence on it. − Question 21: Will nationalities continue to exist under communism? − Answer: The nationalities of the peoples who join together according to the − principle of community will be just as much compelled by this union to merge − with one another and thereby supersede themselves as the various differences − between estates and classes disappear through the superseding of their basis – − private property. − Question 22. Do Communists reject existing religions? − Answer: All religions which have existed hitherto were expressions of historical − stages of development of individual peoples or groups of peoples. But − communism is that stage of historical development which makes all existing − religions superfluous and supersedes them. − In the name and on the mandate of the Congress. − Secretary: Heide [Alias of Wilhelm Wolff in the League of the Just] − President: Karl Schill [Alias of Karl Schapper in the League of the Just] − London, June 9, 1847 − The Principles of Communism* − In 1847 Engels wrote two draft programmes for the Communist League in the form of a catechism, − one in June and the other in October. The latter, which is known as Principles of Communism, was − first published in 1914. The earlier document “Draft of the Communist Confession of Faith”, was only − found in 1968. It was first published in 1969 in Hamburg, together with four other documents − pertaining to the first congress of the Communist League, in a booklet entitled Gründungs Dokumente − des Bundes der Kommunisten (Juni bis September 1847) [Founding Documents of the Communist − League]. − At the June 1847 Congress of the League of the Just, which was also the founding conference of the − Communist League, it was decided to issue a draft “confession of faith” to be submitted for discussion − to the sections of the League. The document which has now come to light is almost certainly this − draft. Comparison of the two documents shows that Principles of Communism is a revised edition of − this earlier draft. In Principles of Communism, Engels left three questions unanswered, in two cases − with the notation “unchanged” (bleibt); this clearly refers to the answers provided in the earlier draft. − The new draft for the programme was worked out by Engels on the instructions of the leading body of − the Paris circle of the Communist League. The instructions were decided on after Engels’ sharp − criticism at the committee meeting, on October 22, 1847, of the draft programme drawn up by the − “true socialist“ Moses Hess, which was then rejected. − Still considering Principles of Communism as a preliminary draft, Engels expressed the view, in a − letter to Marx dated November 23-24 1847, that it would be best to drop the old catechistic form and − draw up a programme in the form of a manifesto. − At the second congress of the Communist League (November 29-December 8, 1847) Marx and Engels − defended the fundamental scientific principles of communism and were trusted with drafting a − programme in the form of a manifesto of the Communist Party. In writing the manifesto the founders − of Marxism made use of the propositions enunciated in Principles of Communism. − Engels uses the term Manufaktur, and its derivatives, which have been translated “manufacture”, − “manufacturing”, etc., Engels used this word literally, to indicate production by hand, not factory − production for which Engels uses “big industry”. Manufaktur differs from handicraft (guild production − in mediaeval towns), in that the latter was carried out by independent artisans. Manufacktur is carried − out by homeworkers working for merchant capitalists, or by groups of craftspeople working together − in large workshops owned by capitalists. It is therefore a transitional mode of production, between − guild (handicraft) and modern (capitalist) forms of production. − *+ − Written: October-November 1847; Source: Selected Works, Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, − 1969; first published: 1914, by Eduard Bernstein in the German Social Democratic Party’s Vorwärts!; translated: Paul − Sweezy; Transcribed: Zodiac, MEA 1993; marxists.org 1999; proofed and corrected by Andy Blunden, February 2005. − Footnotes are from the Chinese Edition of Marx/Engels Selected Works Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1977, with − editorial additions by marxists.org. − 42 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − The Principles of Communism − – 1 – − What is Communism? − Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat. − – 2 – − What is the proletariat? − The proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not − draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole − existence depends on the demand for labor – hence, on the changing state of business, on the − vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat, or the class of proletarians, is, in a word, the − working class of the 19th century.6 − – 3 –+ − Proletarians, then, have not always existed?+ − No. There have always been poor and working classes; and the working class have mostly been+ − poor. But there have not always been workers and poor people living under conditions as they are+ − today; in other words, there have not always been proletarians, any more than there has always+ − been free unbridled competitions.+ − – 4 –+ − How did the proletariat originate?+ − + − of the last (18th) century, and which has since then been repeated in all the civilized countries of+ − + − This industrial revolution was precipitated by the discovery of the steam engine, various spinning+ − machines, the mechanical loom, and a whole series of other mechanical devices. These machines,+ − which were very expensive and hence could be bought only by big capitalists, altered the whole+ − mode of production and displaced the former workers, because the machines turned out cheaper+ − and better commodities than the workers could produce with their inefficient spinning wheels and+ − handlooms. The machines delivered industry wholly into the hands of the big capitalists and+ − rendered entirely worthless the meagre property of the workers (tools, looms, etc.). The result was+ − that the capitalists soon had everything in their hands and nothing remained to the workers. This+ − marked the introduction of the factory system into the textile industry.+ − Once the impulse to the introduction of machinery and the factory system had been given, this+ − system spread quickly to all other branches of industry, especially cloth- and book-printing,+ − pottery, and the metal industries.+ − Labor was more and more divided among the individual workers so that the worker who+ − previously had done a complete piece of work now did only a part of that piece. This division of+ − labor made it possible to produce things faster and cheaper. It reduced the activity of the+ − individual worker to simple, endlessly repeated mechanical motions which could be performed+ − + − another, under the dominance of steam, machinery, and the factory system, just as spinning and+ − weaving had already done.+ − But at the same time, they also fell into the hands of big capitalists, and their workers were+ − deprived of whatever independence remained to them. Gradually, not only genuine manufacture+ − but also handicrafts came within the province of the factory system as big capitalists increasingly + − 43 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − displaced the small master craftsmen by setting up huge workshops, which saved many expenses+ − and permitted an elaborate division of labor.+ − This is how it has come about that in civilized countries at the present time nearly all kinds of+ − labor are performed in factories – and, in nearly all branches of work, handicrafts and+ − manufacture have been superseded. This process has, to an ever greater degree, ruined the old+ − middle class, especially the small handicraftsmen; it has entirely transformed the condition of the+ − workers; and two new classes have been created which are gradually swallowing up all the others.+ − These are:+ − + − exclusive possession of all the means of subsistence and of the instruments+ − (machines, factories) and materials necessary for the production of the means of+ − subsistence. This is the bourgeois class, or the bourgeoisie.+ − (ii) The class of the wholly propertyless, who are obliged to sell their labor to the+ − bourgeoisie in order to get, in exchange, the means of subsistence for their+ − support. This is called the class of proletarians, or the proletariat.+ − – 5 –+ − Under what conditions does this sale of the+ − labor of the proletarians to the bourgeoisie take place?+ − Labor is a commodity, like any other, and its price is therefore determined by exactly the same+ − laws that apply to other commodities. In a regime of big industry or of free competition – as we+ − shall see, the two come to the same thing – the price of a commodity is, on the average, always+ − equal to its cost of production. Hence, the price of labor is also equal to the cost of production of+ − labor.+ − But, the costs of production of labor consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence+ − necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the working class from dying+ − out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the+ − price of labor, or the wage, will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the+ − maintenance of life.+ − However, since business is sometimes better and sometimes worse, it follows that the worker+ − sometimes gets more and sometimes gets less for his commodities. But, again, just as the+ − industrialist, on the average of good times and bad, gets no more and no less for his commodities+ − than what they cost, similarly on the average the worker gets no more and no less than his+ − minimum.+ − This economic law of wages operates the more strictly the greater the degree to which big+ − industry has taken possession of all branches of production.+ − – 6 –+ − What working classes were there before the industrial+ − revolution?+ − + − lived in different circumstances and had different relations to the owning and ruling classes.+ − In antiquity, the workers were the slaves of the owners, just as they still are in many backward+ − countries and even in the southern part of the United States.+ − In the Middle Ages, they were the serfs of the land-owning nobility, as they still are in Hungary,+ − Poland, and Russia. In the Middle Ages, and indeed right up to the industrial revolution, there+ − were also journeymen in the cities who worked in the service of petty bourgeois masters. + − 44 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − Gradually, as manufacture developed, these journeymen became manufacturing workers who+ − were even then employed by larger capitalists.+ − – 7 –+ − In what way do proletarians differ from slaves?+ − + − + − be, because of the master’s interest. The individual proletarian, property as it were of the entire+ − bourgeois class which buys his labor only when someone has need of it, has no secure existence.+ − This existence is assured only to the class as a whole.+ − + − The slave counts as a thing, not as a member of society. Thus, the slave can have a better+ − existence than the proletarian, while the proletarian belongs to a higher stage of social+ − development and, himself, stands on a higher social level than the slave.+ − + − relation of slavery and thereby becomes a proletarian; the proletarian can free himself only by+ − abolishing private property in general.+ − – 8 –+ − In what way do proletarians differ from serfs?+ − + − he gives up a part of his product or part of the services of his labor.+ − + − in exchange for a part of the product.+ − The serf gives up, the proletarian receives. The serf has an assured existence, the proletarian has+ − not. The serf is outside competition, the proletarian is in it.+ − + − a handicraftsman; or, instead of products and services, he gives money to his lord and thereby+ − becomes a free tenant; or he overthrows his feudal lord and himself becomes a property owner. In+ − short, by one route or another, he gets into the owning class and enters into competition. The+ − proletarian liberates himself by abolishing competition, private property, and all class differences.+ − – 9 –+ − In what way do proletarians differ from handicraftsmen?+ − In contrast to the proletarian, the so-called handicraftsman, as he still existed almost everywhere+ − in the past (eighteenth) century and still exists here and there at present, is a proletarian at most+ − temporarily. His goal is to acquire capital himself wherewith to exploit other workers. He can+ − often achieve this goal where guilds still exist or where freedom from guild restrictions has not+ − yet led to the introduction of factory-style methods into the crafts nor yet to fierce competition+ − But as soon as the factory system has been introduced into the crafts and competition flourishes+ − fully, this perspective dwindles away and the handicraftsman becomes more and more a+ − proletarian. The handicraftsman therefore frees himself by becoming either bourgeois or entering+ − the middle class in general, or becoming a proletarian because of competition (as is now more+ − often the case). In which case he can free himself by joining the proletarian movement, i.e., the+ − more or less communist movement.7+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − 45 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − – 10 –+ − In what way do proletarians differ from manufacturing+ − workers?+ − + − instrument of production in his own possession – his loom, the family spinning wheel, a little plot+ − of land which he cultivated in his spare time. The proletarian has none of these things.+ − The manufacturing worker almost always lives in the countryside and in a more or less+ − patriarchal relation to his landlord or employer; the proletarian lives, for the most part, in the city+ − and his relation to his employer is purely a cash relation.+ − The manufacturing worker is torn out of his patriarchal relation by big industry, loses whatever+ − property he still has, and in this way becomes a proletarian.+ − – 11 –+ − What were the immediate consequences of the industrial+ − revolution and of the division of society into bourgeoisie+ − and proletariat?+ − First, the lower and lower prices of industrial products brought about by machine labor totally+ − destroyed, in all countries of the world, the old system of manufacture or industry based upon+ − hand labor.+ − In this way, all semi-barbarian countries, which had hitherto been more or less strangers to+ − historical development, and whose industry had been based on manufacture, were violently+ − forced out of their isolation. They bought the cheaper commodities of the English and allowed+ − their own manufacturing workers to be ruined. Countries which had known no progress for+ − thousands of years – for example, India – were thoroughly revolutionized, and even China is now+ − on the way to a revolution.+ − We have come to the point where a new machine invented in England deprives millions of+ − Chinese workers of their livelihood within a year’s time.+ − In this way, big industry has brought all the people of the Earth into contact with each other, has+ − merged all local markets into one world market, has spread civilization and progress everywhere+ − and has thus ensured that whatever happens in civilized countries will have repercussions in all+ − other countries.+ − It follows that if the workers in England or France now liberate themselves, this must set off+ − revolution in all other countries – revolutions which, sooner or later, must accomplish the+ − liberation of their respective working class.+ − Second, wherever big industries displaced manufacture, the bourgeoisie developed in wealth and+ − power to the utmost and made itself the first class of the country. The result was that wherever+ − this happened, the bourgeoisie took political power into its own hands and displaced the hitherto+ − ruling classes, the aristocracy, the guildmasters, and their representative, the absolute monarchy.+ − The bourgeoisie annihilated the power of the aristocracy, the nobility, by abolishing the+ − entailment of estates – in other words, by making landed property subject to purchase and sale,+ − + − guildmasters by abolishing guilds and handicraft privileges. In their place, it put competition –+ − that is, a state of society in which everyone has the right to enter into any branch of industry, the+ − only obstacle being a lack of the necessary capital.+ − The introduction of free competition is thus public declaration that from now on the members of+ − society are unequal only to the extent that their capitals are unequal, that capital is the decisive+ − power, and that therefore the capitalists, the bourgeoisie, have become the first class in society. + − 46 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − Free competition is necessary for the establishment of big industry, because it is the only+ − condition of society in which big industry can make its way.+ − Having destroyed the social power of the nobility and the guildmasters, the bourgeois also+ − destroyed their political power. Having raised itself to the actual position of first class in society,+ − + − the representative system which rests on bourgeois equality before the law and the recognition of+ − free competition, and in European countries takes the form of constitutional monarchy. In these+ − constitutional monarchies, only those who possess a certain capital are voters – that is to say, only+ − members of the bourgeoisie. These bourgeois voters choose the deputies, and these bourgeois+ − deputies, by using their right to refuse to vote taxes, choose a bourgeois government.+ − Third, everywhere the proletariat develops in step with the bourgeoisie. In proportion, as the+ − bourgeoisie grows in wealth, the proletariat grows in numbers. For, since the proletarians can be+ − employed only by capital, and since capital extends only through employing labor, it follows that+ − + − Simultaneously, this process draws members of the bourgeoisie and proletarians together into the+ − great cities where industry can be carried on most profitably, and by thus throwing great masses+ − in one spot it gives to the proletarians a consciousness of their own strength.+ − Moreover, the further this process advances, the more new labor-saving machines are invented,+ − the greater is the pressure exercised by big industry on wages, which, as we have seen, sink to+ − their minimum and therewith render the condition of the proletariat increasingly unbearable. The+ − growing dissatisfaction of the proletariat thus joins with its rising power to prepare a proletarian+ − social revolution.+ − – 12 –+ − What were the further consequences of the industrial+ − revolution?+ − Big industry created in the steam engine, and other machines, the means of endlessly expanding+ − industrial production, speeding it up, and cutting its costs. With production thus facilitated, the+ − free competition, which is necessarily bound up with big industry, assumed the most extreme+ − forms; a multitude of capitalists invaded industry, and, in a short while, more was produced than+ − was needed.+ − As a consequence, finished commodities could not be sold, and a so-called commercial crisis+ − broke out. Factories had to be closed, their owners went bankrupt, and the workers were without+ − bread. Deepest misery reigned everywhere.+ − After a time, the superfluous products were sold, the factories began to operate again, wages rose,+ − + − But it was not long before too many commodities were again produced and a new crisis broke+ − out, only to follow the same course as its predecessor.+ − Ever since the beginning of this (19th) century, the condition of industry has constantly fluctuated+ − between periods of prosperity and periods of crisis; nearly every five to seven years, a fresh crisis+ − has intervened, always with the greatest hardship for workers, and always accompanied by+ − general revolutionary stirrings and the direct peril to the whole existing order of things.+ − – 13 –+ − What follows from these periodic commercial crises?+ − First:+ − That, though big industry in its earliest stage created free competition, it has now+ − outgrown free competition; + − 47 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − that, for big industry, competition and generally the individualistic organization of+ − production have become a fetter which it must and will shatter;+ − that, so long as big industry remains on its present footing, it can be maintained+ − only at the cost of general chaos every seven years, each time threatening the+ − whole of civilization and not only plunging the proletarians into misery but also+ − ruining large sections of the bourgeoisie;+ − hence, either that big industry must itself be given up, which is an absolute+ − impossibility, or that it makes unavoidably necessary an entirely new organization+ − of society in which production is no longer directed by mutually competing+ − individual industrialists but rather by the whole society operating according to a+ − definite plan and taking account of the needs of all.+ − Second: That big industry, and the limitless expansion of production which it makes possible,+ − bring within the range of feasibility a social order in which so much is produced that every+ − member of society will be in a position to exercise and develop all his powers and faculties in+ − complete freedom.+ − It thus appears that the very qualities of big industry which, in our present-day society, produce+ − misery and crises are those which, in a different form of society, will abolish this misery and+ − these catastrophic depressions.+ − + − (i) That all these evils are from now on to be ascribed solely to a social order+ − which no longer corresponds to the requirements of the real situation; and+ − (ii) That it is possible, through a new social order, to do away with these evils+ − altogether.+ − – 14 –+ − What will this new social order have to be like?+ − Above all, it will have to take the control of industry and of all branches of production out of the+ − hands of mutually competing individuals, and instead institute a system in which all these+ − branches of production are operated by society as a whole – that is, for the common account,+ − according to a common plan, and with the participation of all members of society.+ − It will, in other words, abolish competition and replace it with association.+ − Moreover, since the management of industry by individuals necessarily implies private property,+ − and since competition is in reality merely the manner and form in which the control of industry+ − by private property owners expresses itself, it follows that private property cannot be separated+ − from competition and the individual management of industry. Private property must, therefore, be+ − abolished and in its place must come the common utilization of all instruments of production and+ − + − communal ownership of goods.+ − In fact, the abolition of private property is, doubtless, the shortest and most significant way to+ − characterize the revolution in the whole social order which has been made necessary by the+ − development of industry – and for this reason it is rightly advanced by communists as their main+ − demand. + − 48 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith+ − – 15 –+ − Was not the abolition of private property possible at an+ − earlier time?+ − No. Every change in the social order, every revolution in property relations, is the necessary+ − consequence of the creation of new forces of production which no longer fit into the old property+ − relations.+ − Private property has not always existed.+ − When, towards the end of the Middle Ages, there arose a new mode of production which could+ − not be carried on under the then existing feudal and guild forms of property, this manufacture,+ − which had outgrown the old property relations, created a new property form, private property.+ − And for manufacture and the earliest stage of development of big industry, private property was+ − the only possible property form; the social order based on it was the only possible social order.+ − So long as it is not possible to produce so much that there is enough for all, with more left over+ − for expanding the social capital and extending the forces of production – so long as this is not+ − possible, there must always be a ruling class directing the use of society’s productive forces, and+ − a poor, oppressed class. How these classes are constituted depends on the stage of development.+ − The agrarian Middle Ages give us the baron and the serf; the cities of the later Middle Ages show+ − us the guildmaster and the journeyman and the day laborer; the 17th century has its+ − manufacturing workers; the 19th has big factory owners and proletarians.+ − It is clear that, up to now, the forces of production have never been developed to the point where+ − enough could be developed for all, and that private property has become a fetter and a barrier in − relation to the further development of the forces of production. − Now, however, the development of big industry has ushered in a new period. Capital and the − forces of production have been expanded to an unprecedented extent, and the means are at hand − to multiply them without limit in the near future. Moreover, the forces of production have been − concentrated in the hands of a few bourgeois, while the great mass of the people are more and − more falling into the proletariat, their situation becoming more wretched and intolerable in − proportion to the increase of wealth of the bourgeoisie. And finally, these mighty and easily − extended forces of production have so far outgrown private property and the bourgeoisie, that − they threaten at any moment to unleash the most violent disturbances of the social order. Now, − under these conditions, the abolition of private property has become not only possible but − absolutely necessary. − – 16 – − Will the peaceful abolition of private property be possible? − It would be desirable if this could happen, and the communists would certainly be the last to − oppose it. Communists know only too well that all conspiracies are not only useless, but even − harmful. They know all too well that revolutions are not made intentionally and arbitrarily, but − that, everywhere and always, they have been the necessary consequence of conditions which were − wholly independent of the will and direction of individual parties and entire classes. − But they also see that the development of the proletariat in nearly all civilized countries has been − violently suppressed, and that in this way the opponents of communism have been working − − revolution, then we communists will defend the interests of the proletarians with deeds as we now − defend them with words. − 49 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − – 17 – − Will it be possible for private property to be abolished at − one stroke? − No, no more than existing forces of production can at one stroke be multiplied to the extent − necessary for the creation of a communal society. − In all probability, the proletarian revolution will transform existing society gradually and will be − able to abolish private property only when the means of production are available in sufficient − quantity. − – 18 – − What will be the course of this revolution? − Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect − dominance of the proletariat. Direct in England, where the proletarians are already a majority of − − proletarians, but also of small peasants and petty bourgeois who are in the process of falling into − − and who must, therefore, soon adapt to the demands of the proletariat. Perhaps this will cost a − second struggle, but the outcome can only be the victory of the proletariat. − Democracy would be wholly valueless to the proletariat if it were not immediately used as a − means for putting through measures directed against private property and ensuring the livelihood − of the proletariat. The main measures, emerging as the necessary result of existing relations, are − the following: − (i) Limitation of private property through progressive taxation, heavy inheritance − taxes, abolition of inheritance through collateral lines (brothers, nephews, etc.) − forced loans, etc. − (ii) Gradual expropriation of landowners, industrialists, railroad magnates and − shipowners, partly through competition by state industry, partly directly through − compensation in the form of bonds. − (iii) Confiscation of the possessions of all emigrants and rebels against the − majority of the people. − (iv) Organization of labor or employment of proletarians on publicly owned land, − − and with the factory owners, in so far as they still exist, being obliged to pay the − same high wages as those paid by the state. − (v) An equal obligation on all members of society to work until such time as − private property has been completely abolished. Formation of industrial armies, − especially for agriculture. − (vi) Centralization of money and credit in the hands of the state through a national − bank with state capital, and the suppression of all private banks and bankers. − (vii) Increase in the number of national factories, workshops, railroads, ships; − bringing new lands into cultivation and improvement of land already under − cultivation – all in proportion to the growth of the capital and labor force at the − disposal of the nation. − − care, in national establishments at national cost. Education and production − together. − 50 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − (ix) Construction, on public lands, of great palaces as communal dwellings for − associated groups of citizens engaged in both industry and agriculture and − combining in their way of life the advantages of urban and rural conditions while − avoiding the one-sidedness and drawbacks of each. − (x) Destruction of all unhealthy and jerry-built dwellings in urban districts. − (xi) Equal inheritance rights for children born in and out of wedlock. − − It is impossible, of course, to carry out all these measures at once. But one will always bring − others in its wake. Once the first radical attack on private property has been launched, the − proletariat will find itself forced to go ever further, to concentrate increasingly in the hands of the − state all capital, all agriculture, all transport, all trade. All the foregoing measures are directed to − this end; and they will become practicable and feasible, capable of producing their centralizing − effects to precisely the degree that the proletariat, through its labor, multiplies the country’s − productive forces. − Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of − the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and − production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of − its old economic habits may remain. − – 19 – − Will it be possible for this revolution to take place in one − country alone? − No. By creating the world market, big industry has already brought all the peoples of the Earth, − − independent of what happens to the others. − Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent − that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle − between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not − merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – − − It will develop in each of the these countries more or less rapidly, according as one country or the − other has a more developed industry, greater wealth, a more significant mass of productive forces. − Hence, it will go slowest and will meet most obstacles in Germany, most rapidly and with the − fewest difficulties in England. It will have a powerful impact on the other countries of the world, − and will radically alter the course of development which they have followed up to now, while − greatly stepping up its pace. − It is a universal revolution and will, accordingly, have a universal range. − – 20 – − What will be the consequences of the − ultimate disappearance of private property? − Society will take all forces of production and means of commerce, as well as the exchange and − distribution of products, out of the hands of private capitalists and will manage them in − accordance with a plan based on the availability of resources and the needs of the whole society. − In this way, most important of all, the evil consequences which are now associated with the − conduct of big industry will be abolished. − There will be no more crises; the expanded production, which for the present order of society is − overproduction and hence a prevailing cause of misery, will then be insufficient and in need of − 51 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − being expanded much further. Instead of generating misery, overproduction will reach beyond the − elementary requirements of society to assure the satisfaction of the needs of all; it will create new − needs and, at the same time, the means of satisfying them. It will become the condition of, and the − stimulus to, new progress, which will no longer throw the whole social order into confusion, as − progress has always done in the past. Big industry, freed from the pressure of private property, − will undergo such an expansion that what we now see will seem as petty in comparison as − manufacture seems when put beside the big industry of our own day. This development of − industry will make available to society a sufficient mass of products to satisfy the needs of − everyone. − The same will be true of agriculture, which also suffers from the pressure of private property and − is held back by the division of privately owned land into small parcels. Here, existing − improvements and scientific procedures will be put into practice, with a resulting leap forward − which will assure to society all the products it needs. − In this way, such an abundance of goods will be able to satisfy the needs of all its members. − The division of society into different, mutually hostile classes will then become unnecessary. − Indeed, it will be not only unnecessary but intolerable in the new social order. The existence of − classes originated in the division of labor, and the division of labor, as it has been known up to − − bring industrial and agricultural production up to the level we have described; the capacities of − − Just as the peasants and manufacturing workers of the last century changed their whole way of − life and became quite different people when they were drawn into big industry, in the same way, − communal control over production by society as a whole, and the resulting new development, will − both require an entirely different kind of human material. − People will no longer be, as they are today, subordinated to a single branch of production, bound − to it, exploited by it; they will no longer develop one of their faculties at the expense of all others; − they will no longer know only one branch, or one branch of a single branch, of production as a − whole. Even industry as it is today is finding such people less and less useful. − Industry controlled by society as a whole, and operated according to a plan, presupposes wellrounded human beings, their faculties developed in balanced fashion, able to see the system of − production in its entirety. − The form of the division of labor which makes one a peasant, another a cobbler, a third a factory − worker, a fourth a stock-market operator, has already been undermined by machinery and will − completely disappear. Education will enable young people quickly to familiarize themselves with − the whole system of production and to pass from one branch of production to another in response − to the needs of society or their own inclinations. It will, therefore, free them from the one-sided − character which the present-day division of labor impresses upon every individual. Communist − society will, in this way, make it possible for its members to put their comprehensively developed − faculties to full use. But, when this happens, classes will necessarily disappear. It follows that − society organized on a communist basis is incompatible with the existence of classes on the one − hand, and that the very building of such a society provides the means of abolishing class − differences on the other. − A corollary of this is that the difference between city and country is destined to disappear. The − management of agriculture and industry by the same people rather than by two different classes − of people is, if only for purely material reasons, a necessary condition of communist association. − The dispersal of the agricultural population on the land, alongside the crowding of the industrial − population into the great cities, is a condition which corresponds to an undeveloped state of both − agriculture and industry and can already be felt as an obstacle to further development. − 52 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − The general co-operation of all members of society for the purpose of planned exploitation of the − forces of production, the expansion of production to the point where it will satisfy the needs of − all, the abolition of a situation in which the needs of some are satisfied at the expense of the needs − of others, the complete liquidation of classes and their conflicts, the rounded development of the − capacities of all members of society through the elimination of the present division of labor, − through industrial education, through engaging in varying activities, through the participation by − all in the enjoyments produced by all, through the combination of city and country – these are the − main consequences of the abolition of private property. − – 21 – − What will be the influence of communist society on the − family? − It will transform the relations between the sexes into a purely private matter which concerns only − − does away with private property and educates children on a communal basis, and in this way − removes the two bases of traditional marriage – the dependence rooted in private property, of the − women on the man, and of the children on the parents. − And here is the answer to the outcry of the highly moral philistines against the “community of − women”. Community of women is a condition which belongs entirely to bourgeois society and − which today finds its complete expression in prostitution. But prostitution is based on private − property and falls with it. Thus, communist society, instead of introducing community of women, − in fact abolishes it. − – 22 – − What will be the attitude of communism to existing − nationalities? − The nationalities of the peoples associating themselves in accordance with the principle of − community will be compelled to mingle with each other as a result of this association and thereby − to dissolve themselves, just as the various estate and class distinctions must disappear through the − abolition of their basis, private property.8 − – 23 – − What will be its attitude to existing religions? − All religions so far have been the expression of historical stages of development of individual − peoples or groups of peoples. But communism is the stage of historical development which − makes all existing religions superfluous and brings about their disappearance.9 − – 24 – − How do communists differ from socialists? − The so-called socialists are divided into three categories. − [ Reactionary Socialists: ] − The first category consists of adherents of a feudal and patriarchal society which has already been − destroyed, and is still daily being destroyed, by big industry and world trade and their creation, − bourgeois society. This category concludes, from the evils of existing society, that feudal and − patriarchal society must be restored because it was free of such evils. In one way or another, all − their proposals are directed to this end. − 53 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − This category of reactionary socialists, for all their seeming partisanship and their scalding tears − for the misery of the proletariat, is nevertheless energetically opposed by the communists for the − following reasons: − (i) It strives for something which is entirely impossible. − (ii) It seeks to establish the rule of the aristocracy, the guildmasters, the small − producers, and their retinue of absolute or feudal monarchs, officials, soldiers, and − priests – a society which was, to be sure, free of the evils of present-day society − but which brought it at least as many evils without even offering to the oppressed − workers the prospect of liberation through a communist revolution. − (iii) As soon as the proletariat becomes revolutionary and communist, these − reactionary socialists show their true colors by immediately making common − cause with the bourgeoisie against the proletarians. − [ Bourgeois Socialists: ] − The second category consists of adherents of present-day society who have been frightened for its − future by the evils to which it necessarily gives rise. What they want, therefore, is to maintain this − society while getting rid of the evils which are an inherent part of it. − To this end, some propose mere welfare measures – while others come forward with grandiose − systems of reform which, under the pretense of re-organizing society, are in fact intended to − preserve the foundations, and hence the life, of existing society. − Communists must unremittingly struggle against these bourgeois socialists because they work for − the enemies of communists and protect the society which communists aim to overthrow. − [ Democratic Socialists: ] − Finally, the third category consists of democratic socialists who favor some of the same measures − the communists advocate, as described in Question 18, not as part of the transition to − communism, however, but as measures which they believe will be sufficient to abolish the misery − and evils of present-day society. − These democratic socialists are either proletarians who are not yet sufficiently clear about the − conditions of the liberation of their class, or they are representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, a − class which, prior to the achievement of democracy and the socialist measures to which it gives − rise, has many interests in common with the proletariat. − It follows that, in moments of action, the communists will have to come to an understanding with − these democratic socialists, and in general to follow as far as possible a common policy with them − – provided that these socialists do not enter into the service of the ruling bourgeoisie and attack − the communists. − It is clear that this form of co-operation in action does not exclude the discussion of differences. − – 25 – − What is the attitude of the communists to the − other political parties of our time? − This attitude is different in the different countries. − In England, France, and Belgium, where the bourgeoisie rules, the communists still have a − common interest with the various democratic parties, an interest which is all the greater the more − closely the socialistic measures they champion approach the aims of the communists – that is, the − more clearly and definitely they represent the interests of the proletariat and the more they depend − on the proletariat for support. In England, for example, the working-class Chartists10 are infinitely − closer to the communists than the democratic petty bourgeoisie or the so-called Radicals. − 54 Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith − In America, where a democratic constitution has already been established, the communists must − make the common cause with the party which will turn this constitution against the bourgeoisie − and use it in the interests of the proletariat – that is, with the agrarian National Reformers.11 − In Switzerland, the Radicals, though a very mixed party, are the only group with which the − communists can co-operate, and, among these Radicals, the Vaudois and Genevese are the most − advanced. − In Germany, finally, the decisive struggle now on the order of the day is that between the − bourgeoisie and the absolute monarchy. Since the communists cannot enter upon the decisive − struggle between themselves and the bourgeoisie until the bourgeoisie is in power, it follows that − it is in the interest of the communists to help the bourgeoisie to power as soon as possible in order − the sooner to be able to overthrow it. Against the governments, therefore, the communists must − continually support the radical liberal party, taking care to avoid the self-deceptions of the − bourgeoisie and not fall for the enticing promises of benefits which a victory for the bourgeoisie − would allegedly bring to the proletariat. The sole advantages which the proletariat would derive − from a bourgeois victory would consist − (i) in various concessions which would facilitate the unification of the proletariat − into a closely knit, battle-worthy, and organized class; and − (ii) in the certainly that, on the very day the absolute monarchies fall, the struggle − between bourgeoisie and proletariat will start. From that day on, the policy of the − communists will be the same as it now is in the countries where the bourgeoisie is − already in power. − Demands of the Communist Party in Germany+ − “Demands of the Communist Party in Germany” were written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in+ − Paris between March 21 (when Engels arrived in Paris from Brussels) and March 24, 1848. This+ − document was discussed by members of the Central Authority, who approved and signed it as the.+ − political programme of the Communist League in the revolution that broke out in Germany. In March+ − it was printed as a leaflet, for distribution among revolutionary German emigrant workers who were+ − about to return home. Austrian and German diplomats in Paris informed their respective governments+ − about this as early as March 27, 28 and 29. (The Austrian Ambassador enclosed in his letter a copy of+ − the leaflet which he dated “March 25”.) The leaflet soon reached members of the Communist League+ − + − Early in April, the “Demands of the Communist Party in Germany” were published in such German+ − democratic papers as Berliner Zeitungs-Halle (special supplement to No. 82, April 5, 1848),+ − Düsseldorfer Zeitung (No. 96, April 5, 1848), Mannheimer Abendzeitung (No. 96, April 6, 1848),+ − Trier’sche Zeitung (No. 97, April 6, 1848, supplement), Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (No. 100, April+ − 9, 1848, supplement), and Zeitung für das deutsche Volk (No. 2 1, April 9, 1848).+ − Marx and Engels, who left for Germany round about April 6 and some time later settled in Cologne,+ − did their best along with their followers to popularise this programme document during the revolution.+ − In 1848 and 1849 it was repeatedly published in the periodical press and in leaflet form. Not later than+ − September 10, 1848, the “Demands” were printed in Cologne as a leaflet for circulation by the+ − Cologne Workers’ Association both in the town itself and in a number of districts of Rhenish Prussia.+ − In addition to minor stylistic changes, point 10 in the text of the leaflet was worded differently from+ − that published in March-April 1848. At the Second Democratic Congress held in Berlin in October+ − 1848, Friedrich Beust, delegate from the Cologne Workers’ Association, spoke, on behalf of the social+ − question commission, in favour of adopting a programme of action closely following the “Demands”.+ − In November and December 1848, various points of the “Demands” were discussed at meetings of the+ − Cologne Workers’ Association. Many editions of the “Demands” published during the revolution and+ − after its defeat have survived to this day in their original form, some of them as copies kept in the+ − police archives.+ − At the end of 1848 or the beginning of 1849 an abridged version of the “Demands” was published in+ − pamphlet form by Weller Publishers in Leipzig. The slogan at the beginning of the document, the+ − second paragraph of point 9 and the last sentence of point 10 were omitted, and the words “The+ − Committee” were not included among the signatories. In 1853, an abridged version of the “Demands”+ − was printed, together with other documents of the Communist League, in the first part of the book Die+ − Communisten-Verschworungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts published in Berlin for purposes of+ − information by Wermuth and Stieber, two police officials, who staged a trial against the Communists+ − in Cologne in 1852. Later Engels reproduced the main points of the “Demands” in his essay On the+ − History of the Communist League, published in November 1885 in the newspaper Sozialdemokrat, and+ − + − Hottingen-Zürich, 1885.+ − English translations of the “Demands of the Communist Party in Germany” appeared in the+ − collections: The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels with an introduction and+ − explanatory notes by D. Ryazanoff, Martin Lawrence, London (1930); K. Marx, Selected Works, Vol.+ − II, ed. V. Adoratsky, Moscow-Leningrad, Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the+ − USSR (1936); ibid., New York (1 936); Birth of the Communist Manifesto, edited and annotated, with+ − an Introduction by D. J. Struik, International Publishers, New York, 197 1, and in other publications.+ − + − 56 Demands of the Communist Party in Germany+ − Demands of the Communist Party in Germany+ − “Workers of all countries, unite!”+ − 1. The whole of Germany shall be declared a single and indivisible republic.+ − 2. Every German, having reached the age of 21, shall have the right to vote and to be elected,+ − provided he has not been convicted of a criminal offence.+ − 3. Representatives of the people shall receive payment so that workers, too, shall be able to+ − become members of the German parliament.+ − 4. Universal arming of the people. In future the armies shall be simultaneously labour armies, so+ − that the troops shall not, as formerly, merely consume, but shall produce more than is necessary+ − + − This will moreover be conducive to the organisation of labour.+ − 5. Legal services shall be free of charge.+ − 6. All feudal obligations, dues, corvées, tithes etc., which have hitherto weighed upon the rural+ − population, shall be abolished without compensation.+ − 7. Princely and other feudal estates, together with mines, pits, and so forth, shall become the+ − property of the state. The estates shall be cultivated on a large scale and with the most up-to-date+ − scientific devices in the interests of the whole of society.+ − 8. Mortgages on peasant lands shall be declared the property of the state. Interest on such+ − mortgages shall be paid by the peasants to the state.+ − 9. In localities where the tenant system is developed, the land rent or the quit-rent shall be paid to+ − + − The measures specified in Nos. 6, 7, 8 and 9 are to be adopted in order to reduce the communal+ − and other burdens hitherto imposed upon the peasants and small tenant farmers without curtailing+ − the means available for defraying state expenses and without imperilling production.+ − The landowner in the strict sense, who is neither a peasant nor a tenant farmer, has no share in+ − production. Consumption on his part is, therefore, nothing but abuse.+ − 10. A state bank, whose paper issues are legal tender, shall replace all private banks.+ − This measure will make it possible to regulate the credit system in the interest of the people as a+ − whole, and will thus undermine the dominion of the big financial magnates. Further, by gradually+ − substituting paper money for gold and silver coin, the universal means of exchange (that+ − indispensable prerequisite of bourgeois trade and commerce) will be cheapened, and gold and+ − silver will be set free for use in foreign trade. Finally, this measure is necessary in order to bind+ − + − 11. All the means of transport, railways, canals, steamships, roads, the posts etc. shall be taken+ − over by the state. They shall become the property of the state and shall be placed free at the+ − disposal of the impecunious classes.+ − 12. All civil servants shall receive the same salary, the only exception being that civil servants+ − who have a family to support and who therefore have greater requirements, shall receive a higher+ − salary.+ − 13. Complete separation of Church and State. The clergy of every denomination shall be paid+ − only by the voluntary contributions of their congregations.+ − 14. The right of inheritance to be curtailed. + − 57 Demands of the Communist Party in Germany+ − 15. The introduction of steeply graduated taxes, and the abolition of taxes on articles of+ − consumption.+ − 16. Inauguration of national workshops. The state guarantees a livelihood to all workers and+ − provides for those who are incapacitated for work.+ − 17. Universal and free education of the people.+ − It is to the interest of the German proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the small peasants to+ − support these demands with all possible energy. Only by the realisation of these demands will the+ − millions in Germany, who have hitherto been exploited by a handful of persons and whom the+ − exploiters would like to keep in further subjection, win the rights and attain to that power to+ − which they are entitled as the producers of all wealth.+ − The Committee+ − Karl Marx, Karl Schapper, H. Bauer, F. Engels, J. Moll, W. Wolff + − The Paris Commune.+ − Address to the International Workingmen’s Association, May 1871+ − The “Paris Commune” was composed by Karl Marx as an address to the General Council of the+ − International, and included in a book, “The Civil War in France,” with the aim of distributing to+ − workers of all countries a clear understanding of the character and world-wide significance of the+ − heroic struggle of the Communards and their historical experience to learn from. The book was widely+ − circulated by 1872 it was translated into several languages and published throughout Europe and the+ − + − + − events a week after the army of Bonaparte was defeated. The third address, delivered on May 30,+ − 1871, two days after the defeat of the Paris Commune – detailed the significance and the underlining+ − causes of the first workers government ever created.+ − The Civil War in France was originally published by Marx as only the third address, only the first+ − half of which is reproduced here. In 1891, on the 20th anniversary of the Paris Commune, Engels+ − put together a new collection of the work. Engels decided to include the first two addresses that+ − Marx made to the International.+ − + − clarifying a number of issues relating to the state based on the experience of the Commune.+ − On the dawn of March 18, Paris arose to the thunder-burst of “Vive la Commune!” What is the+ − Commune, that sphinx so tantalizing to the bourgeois mind?+ − “The proletarians of Paris,” said the Central Committee in its manifesto of March 18, “amidst the+ − failures and treasons of the ruling classes, have understood that the hour has struck for them to+ − save the situation by taking into their own hands the direction of public affairs.... They have+ − understood that it is their imperious duty, and their absolute right, to render themselves masters of+ − their own destinies, by seizing upon the governmental power.”+ − But the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield+ − it for its own purposes.+ − The centralized state power, with its ubiquitous organs of standing army, police, bureaucracy,+ − clergy, and judicature – organs wrought after the plan of a systematic and hierarchic division of+ − labor – originates from the days of absolute monarchy, serving nascent bourgeois society as a+ − mighty weapon in its struggle against feudalism. Still, its development remained clogged by all+ − manner of medieval rubbish, seignorial rights, local privileges, municipal and guild monopolies,+ − + − swept away all these relics of bygone times, thus clearing simultaneously the social soil of its last+ − hindrances to the superstructure of the modern state edifice raised under the First Empire, itself+ − + − During the subsequent regimes, the government, placed under parliamentary control – that is,+ − under the direct control of the propertied classes – became not only a hotbed of huge national+ − debts and crushing taxes; with its irresistible allurements of place, pelf, and patronage, it became+ − not only the bone of contention between the rival factions and adventurers of the ruling classes;+ − but its political character changed simultaneously with the economic changes of society. At the+ − same pace at which the progress of modern industry developed, widened, intensified the class+ − antagonism between capital and labor, the state power assumed more and more the character of+ − the national power of capital over labor, of a public force organized for social enslavement, of an+ − engine of class despotism. + − 59 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871+ − After every revolution marking a progressive phase in the class struggle, the purely repressive+ − character of the state power stands out in bolder and bolder relief. The Revolution of 1830,+ − resulting in the transfer of government from the landlords to the capitalists, transferred it from the+ − more remote to the more direct antagonists of the working men. The bourgeois republicans, who,+ − in the name of the February Revolution, took the state power, used it for the June [1848]+ − massacres, in order to convince the working class that “social” republic means the republic+ − entrusting their social subjection, and in order to convince the royalist bulk of the bourgeois and+ − landlord class that they might safely leave the cares and emoluments of government to the+ − bourgeois “republicans.”+ − However, after their one heroic exploit of June, the bourgeois republicans had, from the front, to+ − fall back to the rear of the “Party of Order” – a combination formed by all the rival fractions and+ − factions of the appropriating classes. The proper form of their joint-stock government was the+ − parliamentary republic, with Louis Bonaparte for its president. Theirs was a regime of avowed+ − class terrorism and deliberate insult towards the “vile multitude.”+ − If the parliamentary republic, as M. Thiers said, “divided them [the different fractions of the+ − ruling class] least,” it opened an abyss between that class and the whole body of society outside+ − their spare ranks. The restraints by which their own divisions had under former regimes still+ − checked the state power, were removed by their union; and in view of the threatening upheaval of+ − the proletariat, they now used that state power mercilessly and ostentatiously as the national war+ − engine of capital against labor.+ − + − to invest the executive with continually increased powers of repression, but at the same time to+ − divest their own parliamentary stronghold – the National Assembly – one by one, of all its own+ − means of defence against the Executive. The Executive, in the person of Louis Bonaparte, turned+ − them out. The natural offspring of the “Party of Order” republic was the Second Empire.+ − The empire, with the coup d’état for its birth certificate, universal suffrage for its sanction, and+ − + − directly involved in the struggle of capital and labor. It professed to save the working class by+ − breaking down parliamentarism, and, with it, the undisguised subserviency of government to the+ − propertied classes. It professed to save the propertied classes by upholding their economic+ − supremacy over the working class; and, finally, it professed to unite all classes by reviving for all+ − the chimera of national glory. − − lost, and the working class had not yet acquired, the faculty of ruling the nation. It was acclaimed − throughout the world as the savior of society. Under its sway, bourgeois society, freed from − political cares, attained a development unexpected even by itself. Its industry and commerce − expanded to colossal dimensions; financial swindling celebrated cosmopolitan orgies; the misery − − The state power, apparently soaring high above society and the very hotbed of all its corruptions. − Its own rottenness, and the rottenness of the society it had saved, were laid bare by the bayonet of − Prussia, herself eagerly bent upon transferring the supreme seat of that regime from Paris to − Berlin. Imperialism is, at the same time, the most prostitute and the ultimate form of the state − power which nascent bourgeois society had commenced to elaborate as a means of its own − emancipation from feudalism, and which full-grown bourgeois society had finally transformed − into a means for the enslavement of labor by capital. − The direct antithesis to the empire was the Commune. The cry of “social republic,” with which − − aspiration after a republic that was not only to supercede the monarchical form of class rule, but − class rule itself. The Commune was the positive form of that republic. − 60 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − Paris, the central seat of the old governmental power, and, at the same time, the social stronghold − − restore and perpetuate that old governmental power bequeathed to them by the empire. Paris − could resist only because, in consequence of the siege, it had got rid of the army, and replaced it − by a National Guard, the bulk of which consisted of working men. This fact was now to be − transformed into an institution. The first decree of the Commune, therefore, was the suppression − − − various wards of the town, responsible and revocable at short terms. The majority of its members − were naturally working men, or acknowledged representatives of the working class. The − Commune was to be a working, not a parliamentary body, executive and legislative at the same − time. − Instead of continuing to be the agent of the Central Government, the police was at once stripped − of its political attributes, and turned into the responsible, and at all times revocable, agent of the − Commune. So were the officials of all other branches of the administration. From the members of − the Commune downwards, the public service had to be done at workman’s wage. The vested − interests and the representation allowances of the high dignitaries of state disappeared along with − the high dignitaries themselves. Public functions ceased to be the private property of the tools of − the Central Government. Not only municipal administration, but the whole initiative hitherto − exercised by the state was laid into the hands of the Commune. − Having once got rid of the standing army and the police – the physical force elements of the old − government – the Commune was anxious to break the spiritual force of repression, the “parsonpower,” by the disestablishment and disendowment of all churches as proprietary bodies. The − priests were sent back to the recesses of private life, there to feed upon the alms of the faithful in − imitation of their predecessors, the apostles. − The whole of the educational institutions were opened to the people gratuitously, and at the same − time cleared of all interference of church and state. Thus, not only was education made accessible − − imposed upon it. − The judicial functionaries were to be divested of that sham independence which had but served to − mask their abject subserviency to all succeeding governments to which, in turn, they had taken, − and broken, the oaths of allegiance. Like the rest of public servants, magistrates and judges were − to be elective, responsible, and revocable. − − France. The communal regime once established in Paris and the secondary centres, the old − centralized government would in the provinces, too, have to give way to the self-government of − the producers. − In a rough sketch of national organisation, which the Commune had no time to develop, it states − clearly that the Commune was to be the political form of even the smallest country hamlet, and − that in the rural districts the standing army was to be replaced by a national militia, with an − extremely short term of service. The rural communities of every district were to administer their − common affairs by an assembly of delegates in the central town, and these district assemblies − were again to send deputies to the National Delegation in Paris, each delegate to be at any time − revocable and bound by the mandat imperatif (formal instructions) of his constituents. The few − but important functions which would still remain for a central government were not to be − suppressed, as has been intentionally misstated, but were to be discharged by Communal and − thereafter responsible agents. − The unity of the nation was not to be broken, but, on the contrary, to be organized by Communal − Constitution, and to become a reality by the destruction of the state power which claimed to be − 61 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − the embodiment of that unity independent of, and superior to, the nation itself, from which it was − but a parasitic excrescence. − While the merely repressive organs of the old governmental power were to be amputated, its − legitimate functions were to be wrested from an authority usurping pre-eminence over society − itself, and restored to the responsible agents of society. Instead of deciding once in three or six − years which member of the ruling class was to misrepresent the people in Parliament, universal − suffrage was to serve the people, constituted in Communes, as individual suffrage serves every − other employer in the search for the workmen and managers in his business. And it is well-known − that companies, like individuals, in matters of real business generally know how to put the right − man in the right place, and, if they for once make a mistake, to redress it promptly. On the other − hand, nothing could be more foreign to the spirit of the Commune than to supercede universal − suffrage by hierarchical investiture.12 − It is generally the fate of completely new historical creations to be mistaken for the counterparts − − this new Commune, which breaks with the modern state power, has been mistaken for a − reproduction of the medieval Communes, which first preceded, and afterward became the − substratum of, that very state power. The Communal Constitution has been mistaken for an − attempt to break up into the federation of small states, as dreamt of by Montesquieu and the − Girondins13, that unity of great nations which, if originally brought about by political force, has − now become a powerful coefficient of social production. The antagonism of the Commune − against the state power has been mistaken for an exaggerated form of the ancient struggle against − over-centralization. Peculiar historical circumstances may have prevented the classical − development, as in France, of the bourgeois form of government, and may have allowed, as in − England, to complete the great central state organs by corrupt vestries, jobbing councillors, and − ferocious poor-law guardians in the towns, and virtually hereditary magistrates in the counties. − − absorbed by the state parasite feeding upon, and clogging the free movement of, society. By this − one act, it would have initiated the regeneration of France. − The provincial French bourgeois saw in the Commune an attempt to restore the sway their order − had held over the country under Louis Philippe, and which, under Louis Napoleon, was − supplanted by the pretended rule of the country over the towns. In reality, the Communal − Constitution brought the rural producers under the intellectual lead of the central towns of their − districts, and there secured to them, in the working men, the natural trustees of their interests. The − very existence of the Commune involved, as a matter of course, local municipal liberty, but no − longer as a check upon the now superseded state power. It could only enter into the head of a − Bismarck – who, when not engaged on his intrigues of blood and iron, always likes to resume his − old trade, so befitting his mental calibre, of contributor to Kladderadatsch (the Berlin Punch14) – − it could only enter into such a head to ascribe to the Paris Commune aspirations after the − caricature of the old French municipal organization of 1791, the Prussian municipal constitution − which degrades the town governments to mere secondary wheels in the police machinery of the − Prussian state. The Commune made that catchword of bourgeois revolutions – cheap government − – a reality by destroying the two greatest sources of expenditure: the standing army and state − functionarism. Its very existence presupposed the non-existence of monarchy, which, in Europe at − least, is the normal encumbrance and indispensable cloak of class rule. It supplied the republic − with the basis of really democratic institutions. But neither cheap government nor the “true − republic” was its ultimate aim; they were its mere concomitants. − The multiplicity of interpretations to which the Commune has been subjected, and the multiplicity − of interests which construed it in their favor, show that it was a thoroughly expansive political − form, while all the previous forms of government had been emphatically repressive. Its true secret − was this: It was essentially a working class government, the product of the struggle of the − 62 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − producing against the appropriating class, the political form at last discovered under which to − work out the economical emancipation of labor. − Except on this last condition, the Communal Constitution would have been an impossibility and a − delusion. The political rule of the producer cannot co-exist with the perpetuation of his social − slavery. The Commune was therefore to serve as a lever for uprooting the economical foundation − upon which rests the existence of classes, and therefore of class rule. With labor emancipated, − every man becomes a working man, and productive labor ceases to be a class attribute. − It is a strange fact. In spite of all the tall talk and all the immense literature, for the last 60 years, − about emancipation of labor, no sooner do the working men anywhere take the subject into their − own hands with a will, than uprises at once all the apologetic phraseology of the mouthpieces of − present society with its two poles of capital and wage-slavery (the landlord now is but the − sleeping partner of the capitalist), as if the capitalist society was still in its purest state of virgin − innocence, with its antagonisms still undeveloped, with its delusions still unexploded, with its − prostitute realities not yet laid bare. The Commune, they exclaim, intends to abolish property, the − basis of all civilization! − Yes, gentlemen, the Commune intended to abolish that class property which makes the labor of − − make individual property a truth by transforming the means of production, land, and capital, now − chiefly the means of enslaving and exploiting labor, into mere instruments of free and associated − labor. But this is communism, “impossible” communism! Why, those member of the ruling − classes who are intelligent enough to perceive the impossibility of continuing the present system − – and they are many – have become the obtrusive and full-mouthed apostles of co-operative − production. If co-operative production is not to remain a sham and a snare; if it is to supersede the − capitalist system; if united co-operative societies are to regulate national production upon − common plan, thus taking it under their own control, and putting an end to the constant anarchy − and periodical convulsions which are the fatality of capitalist production – what else, gentlemen, − would it be but communism, “possible” communism? − − to introduce par decret du peuple. They know that in order to work out their own emancipation, − and along with it that higher form to which present society is irresistibly tending by its own − economical agencies, they will have to pass through long struggles, through a series of historic − processes, transforming circumstances and men. They have no ideals to realize, but to set free the − elements of the new society with which old collapsing bourgeois society itself is pregnant. In the − full consciousness of their historic mission, and with the heroic resolve to act up to it, the working − class can afford to smile at the coarse invective of the gentlemen’s gentlemen with pen and − inkhorn, and at the didactic patronage of well-wishing bourgeois-doctrinaires, pouring forth their − ignorant platitudes and sectarian crotchets in the oracular tone of scientific infallibility. − When the Paris Commune took the management of the revolution in its own hands; when plain − working men for the first time dared to infringe upon the governmental privilege of their “natural − superiors,” and, under circumstances of unexampled difficulty, performed it at salaries the highest − of which barely amounted to one-fifth what, according to high scientific authority* − , is the − minimum required for a secretary to a certain metropolitan school-board – the old world writhed − − over the Hôtel de Ville. − And yet, this was the first revolution in which the working class was openly acknowledged as the − only class capable of social initiative, even by the great bulk of the Paris bourgeois – − shopkeepers, tradesmen, merchants – the wealthy capitalist alone excepted. The Commune had − + − 63 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871+ − saved them by a sagacious settlement of that ever recurring cause of dispute among the bourgeois+ − themselves – the debtor and creditor accounts.15 The same portion of the bourgeois, after they had+ − assisted in putting down the working men’s insurrection of June 1848, had been at once+ − unceremoniously sacrificed to their creditors16 by the then Constituent Assembly. But this was+ − not their only motive for now rallying around the working class. They felt there was but one+ − alternative – the Commune, or the empire – under whatever name it might reappear. The empire+ − had ruined them economically by the havoc it made of public wealth, by the wholesale financial+ − swindling it fostered, by the props it lent to the artificially accelerated centralization of capital,+ − and the concomitant expropriation of their own ranks. It had suppressed them politically, it had+ − shocked them morally by its orgies, it had insulted their Voltairianism by handing over the+ − education of their children to the fréres Ignorantins,+ − 17 it had revolted their national feeling as+ − Frenchmen by precipitating them headlong into a war which left only one equivalent for the ruins+ − it made – the disappearance of the empire. In fact, after the exodus from Paris of the high+ − Bonapartist and capitalist boheme, the true bourgeois Party of Order came out in the shape of the+ − “Union Republicaine,”18 enrolling themselves under the colors of the Commune and defending it+ − against the wilful misconstructions of Thiers. Whether the gratitude of this great body of the+ − bourgeois will stand the present severe trial, time must show.+ − The Commune was perfectly right in telling the peasants that “its victory was their only hope.” Of+ − all the lies hatched at Versailles and re-echoed by the glorious European penny-a-liner, one of the+ − most tremendous was that the Rurals represented the French peasantry. Think only of the love of+ − the French peasant for the men to whom, after 1815, he had to pay the milliard indemnity.19 In the+ − eyes of the French peasant, the very existence of a great landed proprietor is in itself an+ − encroachment on his conquests of 1789. The bourgeois, in 1848, had burdened his plot of land+ − with the additional tax of 45 cents, in the franc; but then he did so in the name of the revolution;+ − while now he had fomented a civil war against revolution, to shift on to the peasant’s shoulders+ − the chief load of the 5 milliards of indemnity to be paid to the Prussian. The Commune, on the+ − other hand, in one of its first proclamations, declared that the true originators of the war would be+ − made to pay its cost. The Commune would have delivered the peasant of the blood tax – would+ − have given him a cheap government – transformed his present blood-suckers, the notary,+ − advocate, executor, and other judicial vampires, into salaried communal agents, elected by, and+ − responsible to, himself. It would have freed him of the tyranny of the garde champetre, the − gendarme, and the prefect; would have put enlightenment by the schoolmaster in the place of − stultification by the priest. And the French peasant is, above all, a man of reckoning. He would − find it extremely reasonable that the pay of the priest, instead of being extorted by the taxgatherer, should only depend upon the spontaneous action of the parishioners’ religious instinct. − Such were the great immediate boons which the rule of the Commune – and that rule alone – held − out to the French peasantry. It is, therefore, quite superfluous here to expatiate upon the more − complicated but vital problems which the Commune alone was able, and at the same time − compelled, to solve in favor of the peasant – viz., the hypothecary debt, lying like an incubus − upon his parcel of soil, the prolétariat foncier (the rural proletariat), daily growing upon it, and − his expropriation from it enforced, at a more and more rapid rate, by the very development of − modern agriculture and the competition of capitalist farming. − The French peasant had elected Louis Bonaparte president of the republic; but the Party of Order − created the empire. What the French peasant really wants he commenced to show in 1849 and − 1850, by opposing his maire to the government’s prefect, his school-master to the government’s − priest, and himself to the government’s gendarme. All the laws made by the Party of Order in − January and February 1850 were avowed measures of repression against the peasant. The peasant − was a Bonapartist, because the Great Revolution, with all its benefits to him, was, in his eyes, − personified in Napoleon. This delusion, rapidly breaking down under the Second Empire (and in − 64 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − its very nature hostile to the Rurals), this prejudice of the past, how could it have withstood the − appeal of the Commune to the living interests and urgent wants of the peasantry? − The Rurals – this was, in fact, their chief apprehension – knew that three months’ free − communication of Communal Paris with the provinces would bring about a general rising of the − peasants, and hence their anxiety to establish a police blockade around Paris, so as to stop the − spread of the rinderpest [cattle pest – contagious disease]. − If the Commune was thus the true representative of all the healthy elements of French society, − and therefore the truly national government, it was, at the same time, as a working men’s − government, as the bold champion of the emancipation of labor, emphatically international. − Within sight of that Prussian army, that had annexed to Germany two French provinces, the − Commune annexed to France the working people all over the world. − The Second Empire had been the jubilee of cosmopolitan blackleggism, the rakes of all countries − rushing in at its call for a share in its orgies and in the plunder of the French people. Even at this − moment, the right hand of Thiers is Ganessco, the foul Wallachian, and his left hand is − Markovsky, the Russian spy. The Commune admitted all foreigners to the honor of dying for an − immortal cause. Between the foreign war lost by their treason, and the civil war fomented by their − conspiracy with the foreign invader, the bourgeoisie had found the time to display their patriotism − by organizing police hunts upon the Germans in France. The Commune made a German working − man [Leo Frankel] its Minister of Labor. Thiers, the bourgeoisie, the Second Empire, had − continually deluded Poland by loud professions of sympathy, while in reality betraying her to, − and doing the dirty work of, Russia. The Commune honoured the heroic sons of Poland [J. − Dabrowski and W. Wróblewski] by placing them at the head of the defenders of Paris. And, to − broadly mark the new era of history it was conscious of initiating, under the eyes of the − conquering Prussians on one side, and the Bonapartist army, led by Bonapartist generals, on the − other, the Commune pulled down that colossal symbol of martial glory, the Vendôme Column.20 − The great social measure of the Commune was its own working existence. Its special measures − − abolition of the nightwork of journeymen bakers; the prohibition, under penalty, of the − employers’ practice to reduce wages by levying upon their workpeople fines under manifold − pretexts – a process in which the employer combines in his own person the parts of legislator, − judge, and executor, and filches the money to boot. Another measure of this class was the − surrender to associations of workmen, under reserve of compensation, of all closed workshops − and factories, no matter whether the respective capitalists had absconded or preferred to strike − work. − The financial measures of the Commune, remarkable for their sagacity and moderation, could − only be such as were compatible with the state of a besieged town. Considering the colossal − robberies committed upon the city of Paris by the great financial companies and contractors, − under the protection of Haussman,21 the Commune would have had an incomparably better title to − confiscate their property than Louis Napoleon had against the Orleans family. The Hohenzollern − and the English oligarchs, who both have derived a good deal of their estates from church − plunders, were, of course, greatly shocked at the Commune clearing but 8,000f out of − secularization. − While the Versailles government, as soon as it had recovered some spirit and strength, used the − most violent means against the Commune; while it put down the free expression of opinion all − over France, even to the forbidding of meetings of delegates from the large towns; while it − subjected Versailles and the rest of France to an espionage far surpassing that of the Second − Empire; while it burned by its gendarme inquisitors all papers printed at Paris, and sifted all − correspondence from and to Paris; while in the National Assembly the most timid attempts to put − in a word for Paris were howled down in a manner unknown even to the Chambre introuvable of − 65 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − 1816; with the savage warfare of Versailles outside, and its attempts at corruption and conspiracy − inside Paris – would the Commune not have shamefully betrayed its trust by affecting to keep all − the decencies and appearances of liberalism as in a time of profound peace? Had the government − of the Commune been akin to that of M. Thiers, there would have been no more occasion to − suppress Party of Order papers at Paris that there was to suppress Communal papers at Versailles. − It was irritating indeed to the Rurals that at the very same time they declared the return to the − church to be the only means of salvation for France, the infidel Commune unearthed the peculiar − mysteries of the Picpus nunnery22, and of the Church of St. Laurent. It was a satire upon M. − Thiers that, while he showered grand crosses upon the Bonapartist generals in acknowledgment − of their mastery in losing battles, singing capitulations, and turning cigarettes at Wilhelmshöhe,23 − the Commune dismissed and arrested its generals whenever they were suspected of neglecting − their duties. The expulsion from, and arrest by, the Commune of one of its members [Blanchet] − who had slipped in under a false name, and had undergone at Lyons six days’ imprisonment for − simple bankruptcy, was it not a deliberate insult hurled at the forger, Jules Favre, then still the − foreign minister of France, still selling France to Bismarck, and still dictating his orders to that − paragon government of Belgium? But indeed the Commune did not pretend to infallibility, the − invariable attribute of all governments of the old stamp. It published its doings and sayings, it − initiated the public into all its shortcomings. − In every revolution there intrude, at the side of its true agents, men of different stamp; some of − them survivors of and devotees to past revolutions, without insight into the present movement, − but preserving popular influence by their known honesty and courage, or by the sheer force of − tradition; others mere brawlers who, by dint of repeating year after year the same set of − stereotyped declarations against the government of the day, have sneaked into the reputation of − revolutionists of the first water. After March 18, some such men did also turn up, and in some − cases contrived to play pre-eminent parts. As far as their power went, they hampered the real − action of the working class, exactly as men of that sort have hampered the full development of − every previous revolution. They are an unavoidable evil: with time they are shaken off; but time − was not allowed to the Commune. − Wonderful, indeed, was the change the Commune had wrought in Paris! No longer any trace of − the tawdry Paris of the Second Empire! No longer was Paris the rendezvous of British landlords, − Irish absentees, 24 American ex-slaveholders and shoddy men, Russian ex-serfowners, and − Wallachian boyards. No more corpses at the morgue, no nocturnal burglaries, scarcely any − robberies; in fact, for the first time since the days of February 1848, the streets of Paris were safe, − and that without any police of any kind. − “We,” said a member of the Commune, “hear no longer of assassination, theft, and personal − assault; it seems indeed as if the police had dragged along with it to Versailles all its Conservative − friends.” − The cocottes had refound the scent of their protectors – the absconding men of family, religion, − and, above all, of property. In their stead, the real women of Paris showed again at the surface – − heroic, noble, and devoted, like the women of antiquity. Working, thinking fighting, bleeding − Paris – almost forgetful, in its incubation of a new society, of the Cannibals at its gates – radiant − in the enthusiasm of its historic initiative! − Opposed to this new world at Paris, behold the old world at Versailles – that assembly of the − ghouls of all defunct regimes, Legitimists and Orleanists, eager to feed upon the carcass of the − nation – with a tail of antediluvian republicans, sanctioning, by their presence in the Assembly, − the slaveholders’ rebellion, relying for the maintenance of their parliamentary republic upon the − vanity of the senile mountebank at its head, and caricaturing 1789 by holding their ghastly − 66 Third Address to the International Working Men’s Association, May 1871 − meetings in the Jeu de Paume.1 − There it was, this Assembly, the representative of everything dead − in France, propped up to the semblance of life by nothing but the swords of the generals of Louis − Bonaparte. Paris all truth, Versailles all lie; and that lie vented through the mouth of Thiers. − Thiers tells a deputation of the mayors of the Seine-et-Oise – “You may rely upon my word, − which I have never broken!” − He tells the Assembly itself that “it was the most freely elected and most liberal Assembly France − ever possessed”; he tells his motley soldiery that it was “the admiration of the world, and the − finest army France ever possessed”; he tells the provinces that the bombardment of Paris by him − was a myth: “If some cannon-shots have been fired, it was not the deed of the army of Versailles, − but of some insurgents trying to make believe that they are fighting, while they dare not show − their faces.” He again tells the provinces that “the artillery of Versailles does not bombard Paris, − but only cannonades it.” He tells the Archbishop of Paris that the pretended executions and − reprisals (!) attributed to the Versailles troops were all moonshine. He tells Paris that he was only − anxious “to free it from the hideous tyrants who oppress it,” and that, in fact, the Paris of the − Commune was “but a handful of criminals.” − The Paris of M. Thiers was not the real Paris of the “vile multitude,” but a phantom Paris, the − Paris of the francs-fileurs, − 25 the Paris of the Boulevards, male and female – the rich, the capitalist, − the gilded, the idle Paris, now thronging with its lackeys, its blacklegs, its literary bohome, and its − cocottes at Versailles, Saint-Denis, Rueil, and Saint-Germain; considering the civil war but an − agreeable diversion, eyeing the battle going on through telescopes, counting the rounds of − cannon, swearing by their own honour and that of their prostitutes, that the performance was far − better got up than it used to be at the Porte St. Martin. The men who fell were really dead; the − cries of the wounded were cries in good earnest; and, besides, the whole thing was so intensely − historical. − This is the Paris of M. Thiers, as the emigration of Coblenz was the France of M. de Calonne.
Chinese Communist Party (view source)
Revision as of 05:54, August 22, 2021
, 05:54, August 22, 2021Reverted edits by Balls23 (talk) to last revision by RobSmith
[[File:Xi in Maoist outfit.PNG|thumbnail|right|390px|Xi Jinping is the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China which requires that all their members be atheists.<ref>[https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/19567-china-s-communist-party-reaffirms-marxism-maoism-atheism China’s Communist Party Reaffirms Marxism, Maoism, Atheism], New American, 2014</ref> See: [[China and atheism]] and [[Atheism and communism]] ]]
The '''Chinese Communist Party''' (''pinyin'' ''' Gongchandang''') or '''CCP''' is the [[left-wing]] [[single party]] [[socialist]] ruling regime of [[Peoples Republic of China]] (PRC). The party is infamous for placing no value on human life and its ruthlessness to maintain and exercise power. According to the authoritative ''Black Book of Communism'', an estimated 65 million Chinese died as a result of the CCP's merciless attempts to create a new “[[socialist]]” China. Anyone who gets in the way is done away with by execution, imprisonment or forced famine. No single individual of the CCP has ever faced an international tribunal for crimes against humanity. Conversely, the Chinese Communist Party has been rewarded with admission to the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]], and was granted Most Favored Nation trade status by the [[United States]] after the [[Tiananmen massacre]] and during the mass arrests and extermination of [[Falun Gong]] practitioners. This enhanced standing of the CCP among global power brokers and elite has only strengthened the grip of control the Chinese Communist Party has on the lives of the Chinese people who remain without any [[democracy|democratic]] rights in the nation of their birth.
power.
China's current state constitution was written exclusively by Communist Party members and adopted in 1982. The Preamble reads,
{{quotebox-float|Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of [[Marxism-Leninism]], [[Mao Zedong Thought]], Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Important Thought of the ‘Three Represents,’ the Chinese people of all ethnic groups will continue to adhere to the people’s democratic [[dictatorship]] and the [[socialist]] road, persevere in reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop the socialist market economy, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step, and promote a coordinated development of material, political and spiritual civilizations to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic, and culturally advanced.}}
The unity within the Chinese Communist Party is shattering as all the three factions (Shanghai, Beijing and Zhenjiang) in the party are embroiled in a feud. The Shanghai faction is led by Jiang Zemin, Beijing faction is led by Hu Jintao, and Zhenjiang faction is led by President Xi Jinping. Each one of the three is trying to nullify the influence of the other faction. Since 2012, when Xi Jinping took office political oppression has intensified and it has blanketed China. Press, social media, film, arts, literature and the Internet in China is heavily censored. Many intellectuals, Tibetans, Uighurs, lawyers, university students have been persecuted for voicing their opinions in favor of democracy.
and, by and by, village communities were found to be, or to have been, the primitive form of society everywhere from
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising
The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds,
Cracks appeared in Xi Jinping's hold on the Chinese Communist Party over the catastrophic handling of the [[CCP pandemic]]. This opened an opportunity for the Shanghai faction and the Beijing faction.
[[File:Hong Kong protests.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Grafetti from the late November 2019 Hong Kong democracy protests reads: "Dear World, CCP will infiltrate your government, Chinese enterprises $ interfere your political stance, China will harvest your home like [[Xinjiang]]. BE AWARE or BE NEXT!"<ref>https://twitter.com/HKstreetart/status/1196483549492391937/photo/1</ref>]]
==Biden family collusion with the CCP==
an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave
and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour rests
1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public
:{{See also|Biden crime family}}
Five months into the [[Obama administration]] in June 2009 [[Hunter Biden]] and Chris Heinz, son of [[Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]] and stepson of Senate Foreign Relations Committee chair [[John Kerry]] formed Rosemount Seneca. The firm partnered with the Thornton Group run by James Bulger, and the Bank of China, to form [[Bohai Harvest RST]] (BHR) in China. [[Devon Archer]] is a longtime friend of former Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] and of stepson Chris Heinz and James Bulger, the nephew of notorious Boston gangster [[Whitey Bulger]].<ref><small>Whitey Bulger was the head of the [[Boston]] Irish [[mafia]] who enjoyed federal protection under FBI director [[Robert Mueller]] as an informant.<br>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2335614/Trial-Boston-mob-boss-James-Whitey-Bulger-gets-underway-family-victims-say-look-eye.html<br> Bulger was convicted of 19 murders that occurred while under Mueller's protection; some have linked the Bulger klan to as many as 52 murders while Mueller was U.S. Attorney in Boston.<br>https://www3.bostonglobe.com/metro/1970/01/19/one-lingering-question-for-fbi-director-robert-mueller/613uW0MR7czurRn7M4BG2J/story.html?arc404=true<br> Whitey Bulger was murdered in prison at the age of 89 a few months before the Mueller Report was released.</small></ref>
of arms, and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter.
The Bank of China is owned by the Chinese government and closely connected with the Chinese military and intelligence services. Biden, Heinz, and Archer transferred and sold "duel use" technology to the Chinese military which was used to create the Chinese [[drone]] program and replicate the Chinese version of the [[F-15]] fighter.<ref>https://nypost.com/2018/03/15/inside-the-shady-private-equity-firm-run-by-kerry-and-bidens-kids/</ref>
[[File:Hunter Biden Bohai.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Hunter Biden, right, flew to China in 2013 aboard Air Force Two, with his father, Joe Biden, left, December 4, 2013. 10 days later Hunter Biden signed a $1.5 Billion deal with the Chinese military.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/biden-s-trip-china-son-hunter-2013-comes-under-new-n1061051</ref>]]
Bohai Harvest RST (BHR) invested in an app the Chinese leftwing communist government is using to surveil ethnic minority [[Muslim]]s in western China. Over one million Muslims living in the region are now incarcerated in Chinese [[gulag]]s.
Di Dongsheng, a vice-dean at the School of International Relations at Renmin University in Beijing, made public statements before a large audience on November 28, 2020:
{{Quotebox-float|"We know that the Trump administration is in a trade war with us, so why can’t we fix the Trump administration? Why did China and the US used to be able to settle all kinds of issues between 1992 and 2016?" he asked. "I’m going to throw out something maybe a little bit explosive here. It’s just because we have people at the top. We have our old friends who are at the top of America’s core inner circle of power and influence."
and enervating literature.*
"During the US-China trade war, [[Wall Street]] tried to help, and I know that my friends on the US side told me that they tried to help, but they couldn’t do much. But now we’re seeing Biden was elected, the traditional elite, the political elite, the establishment, they’re very close to Wall Street, so you see that, right?"
"Trump has been saying that Biden’s son has some sort of global foundation. Have you noticed that? Who helped [Hunter] build the foundations? Got it? There are a lot of deals inside all these."<ref>[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2020/12/08/top_chinese_intellectual_boasts_about_old_friends_who_are_at_the_top_of_americas_core_inner_circle_of_power_and_influence.html#! Chinese Scholar Boasts About "Old Friends At The Top Of America's Core Inner Circle Of Power And Influence"], December 8, 2020. realclearpolitics.com</ref><ref>https://youtu.be/lyQUtPEBBSA</ref><ref>https://thepostmillennial.com/watch-tucker-carlson-exposes-how-media-democrats-have-been-working-on-behalf-of-china/</ref>}}
===2020 election interference and Chinese collusion===
[[File:Nov. 3-4 2020 Chinese cyberattack.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Real time capture of Communist Chinese cyberattack on selected U.S. counties.]]
the German edition of 1890.]
:{{See also|Biden-China collusion}}
On November 28, 2020, Prof. Di Dongsheng, vice dean of the School of International Relations at Renmin University, told students in [[Beijing]] how the [[People's Republic of China]] was able to settle disputes with prior American administrations because they have people at the top of America, specifically on [[Wall Street]].<ref>https://pjmedia.com/news-and-politics/stacey-lennox/2020/12/08/tucker-carlsons-monologue-on-a-chinese-professors-recent-speech-should-terrify-you-n1197202</ref> But when [[President Trump]] was elected, all that Chinese influence went away. "Wall Street can't fix Trump," the professor told the students.<ref>https://youtu.be/yB07iLF2ZWw</ref>
of speech.
and others, spring into existence in the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle
of this kind to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms. They want to improve
the condition of every member of society, even that of the most favoured. Hence, they habitually
The professor noted that President Trump complained about [[Hunter Biden]] having a ‘global foundation’ and confirmed once again that the [[Biden family]] was in bed with [[Chinese Communist]]s.<ref>https://therightscoop.com/watch-tucker-exposes-scrubbed-video-of-chinese-professor-saying-they-have-people-at-top-of-america/</ref> Hunter Biden in fact holds a 10% equity stake in the Chinese private equity firm [[Bohai Harvest RST]] (BHR) in partnership with the Bank of China through his company, Skaneateles LLC, according to business records from China's National Credit Information Publicity System.<ref>https://freedomjournalist.com/hunter-biden-still-owns-part-of-chinese-business-operation/</ref> BHR was set up as a tool for the CCPs global ambitions, using the Biden name to market Chinese [[imperialism]].<ref>https://creativedestructionmedia.com/investigations/2020/10/31/joe-co-didnt-just-sell-out-america-they-sold-out-the-whole-free-world/</ref>
The Bank of China is owned by the Chinese government and closely connected with the Chinese military and intelligence services. Biden, former Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]'s stepson Christopher Heinz, and convicted [[felon]] [[Devon Archer]] through BHR transferred and sold duel use technology to the Chinese military which was used to create the Chinese [[drone]] program and replicate the Chinese version of the [[F-15]] fighter.<ref>https://nypost.com/2018/03/15/inside-the-shady-private-equity-firm-run-by-kerry-and-bidens-kids/</ref>
[[File:Trump margin of victory before CCP cyber attack and vote switching.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Trump margin of victory (bottomline) in selected battleground states before Chinese vote switching cyber attack.]]
But because of the lack of influence the Chinese Communists had over the [[Trump administration]], the professor stated that they have people at the “top of America’s core inner circle of power and influence” who went to work to get Biden "elected".<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/12/08/professor-claims-china-has-people-in-americas-core-inner-circle/</ref>
and political conditions that the bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its supremacy,
The [[American Center for Law and Justice]] (ACLJ) sued the Biden junta to obtain information about House Democrat Intelligence Committee member [[Eric Swalwell]]'s relationship with a Chinese spy. Lawsuits were filed against the [[National Security Agency]], the office of the director of national intelligence ([[DNI|ODNI]]), the [[State Department]] and the [[FBI]].<ref>https://www.wnd.com/2021/02/biden-admin-gets-sued-details-swalwells-china-connection/</ref>
===Bid for world hegemony===
As junta leader, Biden foreign minister [[Antony Blinken]] told the world that Biden would make no effort to contain the Chinese Communist Party's bid for global hegemony as the planet's premier [[Superpower]].<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/biden-wont-contain-china-reveals-blinken/</ref>
==Organization==
As China's economy has expanded since the 1980s, the scale of corruption has grown dramatically. A 2011 report released by China's central bank estimated that from the mid-1990s to 2008, corrupt officials who fled overseas took with them $120 billion in stolen funds. A 2012 [[Washington, DC]]-based think tank estimated that total illicit financial flows out of China in the decade from 2001 through 2010 amounted to $2.74 trillion, over 20 times as much as the official CCP account in a closely parallel timeframe.<ref>The 2012 Bo Xilai Affair highlighted the degree to which the families of top Party officials were able to parlay access to political power into vast personal wealth.
Bo sat on the 25-member Party Politburo and Central Committee, and was Party Secretary of a powerful municipality. Bo styled himself as a champion of the poor and dispossessed, supporting the state-run economy, lead a crackdown on supposed organized crime bosses, and fanned nostalgia for the violent [[Antifa|Anti-fascist]] Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. Bo’s rhetoric was critical of the [[income gap]] and broken promises to the [[working class]] that accompanied China’s rise to become the world’s second-largest economy. Bo was widely reported as a candidate for promotion to the Politburo Standing Committee.
Bo’s wife was convicted of [[murder]] of a British businessman in August 2012. Bo’s vice mayor was convicted of “bending the law for selfish ends, defection, abuse of power and bribe-taking” in September 2012. Days later, the Party Politburo expelled Bo from the Party’s ranks and announced that it was transferring his case to state judicial authorities. The Party investigation concluded that Bo “bore major responsibility” in the cases of his vice-mayor’s actions and his wife’s involvement in the murder, and alleged that he “took advantage of his office to seek profits for others and received huge bribes personally and through his family.” [[Social media]] brought the scandal to light, creating problems for existing leadership.</small></ref> In 2012, the following internal data leaked out: 90 percent of central party committee members had relatives and children who had emigrated to foreign countries; 85 percent of top officials were ready to abandon their positions and escape the country. That's why China doesn't allow any officials above mid-level local positions to hold their own passports.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-chinese-communist-party-is-sinking-like-the-titanic-but-officials-have-a-plan_3382776.html</ref> The problems grew out of socialism's [[single-party control|one-party system]] model with a lack of [[checks and balances]].
With 85 million dues-paying members, just over 6% of China's population of 1.35 billion, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the largest political party in the world with some 80+ million members (2013 data). The party exercises extreme control over every aspect of the Chinese people's lives, from what they see on [[social media]] to how many children they can have. The Chinese Communist party tries to be all-powerful. The entire structure of the Communist Party, from top to bottom, encourages corruption and abuses. In this type of system, the party takes all the credit when things go well, but it bears none of the responsibility when things go wrong.
Since 2011 the Chinese government's Internal Security budget, which is also known as their Stability Maintenance budget, has been larger than their military budget. The Communist Party considers any threat to stability as a threat to their rule.
The Proletariat originated in the industrial revolution, which took place in England in the last half
===Politburo Standing Committee===
The 7 member Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) is the most senior leadership body with each member ranked 1 thru 7, not as equals. Each shoulders primary responsibility for a specific portfolio. The Paramount Leader, Xi Jinping as of 2020, is ranked No. 1. Past Paramount Leaders have been in order of succession:
the world.
*[[Mao Zedong]] (1949-1976)
*[[Hua Guofeng]] (1976-1978)
*[[Deng Xiaoping]] (1978-1989)
*[[Jiang Zemin]] (1989-2003)
*[[Hu Jintao]] (2002-2012)
*[[Xi Jinping]] (2012–present)
The Paramount Leader usually holds three positions, Party General Secretary, President or [[Head of State]], and Chairman of the Central Military Commission or [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]]. The Central Military Commission is not under civilian control of the State Council. In the Chinese Communist party structure, the Central Military Commission is of equal rank as the civilian bureaucracy.
The second-ranked PSC member serves as Premier of the State Council, which manages the state bureaucracy. He is effectively China's top economic official.
The third-ranked PSC member serves as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), China's unicameral legislature.
The fourth-ranked PSC member serves as chairman of a political advisory body, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee. He is responsible for outreach to non-Communist groups, such as China's eight minor political parties, all of which pledge loyalty to the Communist Party, and state-sanctioned religious associations.
The fifth-ranked PSC member heads the Party Secretariat, which oversees the Party bureaucracy. He also has responsibility for ideology and propaganda.
not only as well but much better by a machine. In this way, all these industries fell, one after
The sixth-ranked PSC member heads the Party's Central Disciplinary Inspection Commission (CDIC), the Party's internal discipline enforcement arm which polices the Party's ranks.
The seventh-ranked PSC member serves as the top-ranked State Council vice premier and assists the Premier with his duties.
PSC members also head Party “Leading Small Groups” (LSGs) for their policy areas. LSGs are secretive bodies intended to facilitate cross-agency coordination in implementation of Politburo Standing Committee decisions. China has no coordinating body analogous to the U.S. [[National Security Council]]. “Leading Small Groups” at the top of the Party and the State seek to bring together representatives from multiple agencies to coordinate and build consensus around policy in specific areas. The phenomenon is known as “stove-piping,” in which individual ministries and other hierarchies share information up and down the chain of command, but not horizontally with each other.
===Politburo===
Behind the Politburo Standing Committee is the 25 member Politburo, sometimes referred to as the Party's Politburo or full Politburo. Some members of the 25 member Party Politburo hold duel responsibilities, such as provincial governors or high-ranking military. All 7 Members of the Politburo Standing Committee are also members, as well as two vice chairmen of the Central Military Commission.
Although the seven members of the Politburo Standing Committee are ranked, from one to seven, regular Politburo members are of equal rank under the principles of Democratic Socialism. Because of its relatively unwieldy size and the geographic diversity of its members, the full Politburo is not involved in day-to-day decision-making.
All Party Politburo members, including the 7 member Politburo Standing Committee, are also members of the lower 200+ Central Committee.
While the head of the Discipline Inspection Commission sits on the 7 member Politburo Standing Committee, the heads of the next three most powerful departments in the Party bureaucracy sit on the regular Politburo. Those departments are:
* The Organization Department: responsible for the recruitment of Party members and their training, career development, and assignment to jobs across the party and state, the legislatures, state-owned corporations, universities, and other public institutions. Under the principles of [[Democratic Socialism]], selections are made throughout [[academia]], state enterprises and [[trade union]]s by the Organization Department for entry level positions as delegates to the Party Congress.
(i) The class of big capitalists, who, in all civilized countries, are already in almost
* The Propaganda (or “Publicity”) Department: responsible for the Party's messaging and for control of the media and ideology. In coordination with the Organization Department, the Propaganda Department manages the leaders of the Ministry of Culture; the newly constituted General Administration Press and Publication, Radio, Film, and Television; the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; ''The People’s Daily''; the Xinhua News Agency; and other media organizations.
* The Central Commission of Politics and Law: responsible for ensuring Party control over the internal security apparatus. Its full membership is not publicized. Known members include the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (China's chief prosecutor), the Minister of Public Security, the Minister of State Security, and the Minister of Justice.
===Central Committee===
:{{See also|Democratic Socialism}}
The Central Committee of about 200 members and 170 Alternates is elected by the approximately 2,000 delegates of the 5-year Party Congresses and is required to meet at least once a year. Each meeting is known as a ''plenum'' (or plenary session) and approves major personnel decisions.
According to the Party's constitution, the Politburo Standing Committee and full Politburo derive their power from the Central Committee, whose members “elect” the Politburo, Politburo Standing Committee, and Party General Secretary. In practice, it's a top-down organization, with [[incumbent]] Politburo and Politburo Standing Committee officials providing a list of nominees for advancement to the Politburo and Politburo Standing Committee which the Central Committee then ratifies.
According to the party's Constitution, the Party General Secretary must also be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee.
The Political and Legal Affairs Committee (PLAC) oversees the public security bureau, the procuratorate, and judicial systems. The Political and Legal Affairs Committee has the power to control personnel and resources in the police, Ministry of State Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the fields of finance, culture, education, science and technology, and health departments throughout the country.
====Central Discipline Inspection Commission====
:{{See also|Central Commission for Discipline Inspection|Gestapo|KGB}}
The Discipline Inspection Commissions themselves are rife with corruption. When the Central Discipline Inspection Commission conducts investigations, they are frequently politically motivated, even if they uncover real wrongdoing. Officials who keep on the right side of their superiors and colleagues may engage in large-scale corruption, while other officials may be investigated for lesser infractions because they have fallen afoul of powerful officials.
Discipline inspection organizations of the Party consist of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels and the grassroots Party commissions for discipline inspection. According to the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA), the Discipline Inspection Commission is tasked with enforcing discipline and handling cases, foster the capability to assist the Party committees to improve the Party's style of work, organize and coordinate the fight against corruption, and do a better job of fighting against corruption and improving the Party's style of work in the army, so as to make new contributions to the army building in an all-round way.
The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection works under the leadership of the Party Central Committee.
The local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels and the grassroots Party commissions for discipline inspection work under the dual leadership of the Party committee at the same level and Party commission for discipline inspection at the next higher level.
The term of each Party commission for discipline inspection is the same as that of the Party committee at the same level.
The plenary session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection elects its standing committee, secretary and deputy secretaries and reports this to the Party Central Committee for approval.
The plenary sessions of local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels elect the standing committee and secretary and deputy secretaries, and the results are passed by the Party committee at the same level and reported to the Party committee at the next higher level for approval.
The working classes have always, according to the different stages of development of society,
Whether a discipline inspection commission or discipline inspection members for a grassroots Party committee shall be established or put into position is to be decided by a Party organization at the next higher level in light of specific conditions.
A general Party branch committee and a Party branch committee shall include discipline inspection members.
The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection may, if needed, accredit a discipline inspection group or discipline inspectors to central Party and state organs.
Leaders of the discipline inspection group or discipline inspectors may attend, as non-voting members, related conferences organized by Party leaders of the organ concerned.
Their work must be supported by the Party leaders and organizations of the organ concerned.
====610 Office====
The slave is sold once and for all; the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly.
The [[610 Office]] is the main organization created to eliminate Falun Gong. It is nominally subordinate to the Political and Legal Affairs Committee. The Political and Legal Affairs Committee purview was expanded after the 610 Office was incorporated into it.
The individual slave, property of one master, is assured an existence, however miserable it may
With a structure extending from top to bottom throughout the Party, government, and [[military]], it has the power to command all police and judicial organs. This organization is akin to the Chinese Communist Party's Central Cultural Revolution Group, and is dedicated to carrying out the systematic eradication of the practice of Falun Gong. It is an ''ad hoc'' agency at the highest levels endowed with extraordinary and extralegal power.
The 610 Office derives its name from the date of its founding, June 10, 1999. After that date, almost every Party branch, from the province to the county to the district level, established its own 610 Office. The source of the 610 Office's ability to operate extralegally and with impunity is not drawn from the State. Neither the People's Congress nor the State Council has authorized its actions. Rather, approval and support for its deeds comes from the CCP. Each 610 Office takes orders from the 610 Office one level above it, going up to the Central Committee 610 Office. The local 610 Offices also take orders from the leadership team of the CCP Committee at its same organizational level.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/506_yiyangxia_/506_yiyangxia_en.pdf The illegality of China's Falun Gong crackdown—and today's rule of law repercussions], Yiyang Xia. World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong.</ref>
The slave is outside competition; the proletarian is in it and experiences all its vagaries.
It later changed its name to the Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions or Office of Maintaining Stability.
Official data of the annual reported expenditures from 13 local 610 Offices in various counties and districts across nine provinces in 2014 and 2015 are available online. The total expenditure for these branches, covering a population of some 14 million, was 8.9 million yuan ($1.37 million). If that ''[[per capita]]'' investment is applied to China's total population of 1.37 billion, the estimated annual budget for all 610 Offices nationwide is 879 million yuan ($135 million). This represents only one part of the party-state apparatus involved in the suppression of Falun Gong.
The slave frees himself when, of all the relations of private property, he abolishes only the
The ultimate form of financial exploitation has been reported: the killing of Falun Gong detainees and the extraction of their organs to be sold at high prices to Chinese patients and foreign “transplant tourists” as part of a multibillion-dollar industry.<ref>
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_2017_BattleForChinasSpirit_Falun_Gong_0.pdf</ref> Judicial systems sold organs to the transplant centres. Forensic hospitals actively conducted organ transplant. Special institutions under Public Security Bureaus carried out organ transplantation and human body experiments on a large scale.<ref>such as Wang Lijun’s Jinzhou and Chongqing Public Security Bureau On-Site Psychology Research Centres</ref>
====National Supervisory Commission====
The serf possesses and uses an instrument of production, a piece of land, in exchange for which
===Party Congress===
The proletarian works with the instruments of production of another, for the account of this other,
Approximately 2,000 delegates which are held every five years. Congress delegates rubber stamp the Party General Secretary's report to the Congress, which serves as a statement of the Party's positions and an outline of the Party's agenda for the coming five years. The Politburo's Organization Department: selects nominees throughout [[academia]], state enterprises, [[trade union]]s, the [[military]] and other public institutions based on their commitment to Democratic Socialism ideology . The Party nominates all candidates, usually nominating 20% to 50% more candidates than available positions. Under this system of rigorous ideological screening and [[single party control]] where dissenters and skeptics of the ''[[status quo]]'' are weeded out, the most manipulative [[sociopath]]s can seize the opportunity and rise to the top. Provincial-level People's Congresses and the People's Liberation Army then elect deputies from among the nominees.
The Congress meets for a 10-day-long annual full session in March and approves whatever nominees, budgets, and programs the Central Committee puts before them.
The serf liberates himself in one of three ways: either he runs away to the city and there becomes
==Central Military Commission - People's Liberation Army==
{{cquote|It is indeed brutal to kill one or two hundred million Americans. But that is the only path that will secure a Chinese century, a century in which the CCP leads the world. We, as revolutionary humanitarians, do not want deaths, but if history confronts us with a choice between deaths of Chinese and those of Americans, we’d have to pick the latter, as, for us, it is more important to safeguard the lives of the Chinese people and the life of our Party.|||Chi Haotian, ex-Vice-Chairman of China’s Military Commissionm<ref>https://www.facebook.com/SenatorTedCruz/posts/4099834303462172</ref>}}
:{{See also|People's Liberation Army}}
The People's Liberation Army (PLA), with well over 2 million active personnel and more than 500 million reserves, is not a national army belonging to the state. Rather, it serves as the Party's armed wing. The PLA's Central Military Commission (CMC) is of equivalent rank to the State Council, China's cabinet, meaning it is not under the civilian control of the State Council. The Communist Party's constitution states that “the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters, and the Party must play the role as the core of leadership among all other organizations at corresponding levels.” The Party constitution explicitly states that the Communist Party “persists in its leadership over the People’s Liberation Army and other armed forces of the people.”<ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/18cpcnc/2012-11/18/c_131982575.htm.</ref>
The Party's Central Military Commission exercises unified command over China's armed forces, consisting of the active and reserve forces of China's military, the People's Liberation Army; a paramilitary force, the People's Armed Police Force (PAP); and a militia. The PLA also has a
domestic stability mandate, on top of its national defense mandate. The PLA Reserve Force and a paramilitary force, the People's Armed Police Force play a major role in putting down civil unrest.
The General Secretary of the Communist Party serves as chairman. The rest is comprised of uniformed officers. They are two vice chairmen (who serve on the Party's Politburo), the State Councilor for military affairs (who serves as Minister of Defense), the directors of the PLA's four general departments, and the commanders of the Navy, the Air Force, and the strategic and conventional missile forces. Senior military officers also sit on Party “Leading Small Groups” on such issues as foreign affairs, [[national security]], and Taiwan affairs.
The responsibilities of the PLA's four general departments are:
*General Staff Department: operations, cyber and electronic warfare, communications/informatization, intelligence, training, force structure, mobilization, and foreign affairs;
*General Political Department: Communist Party affairs, personnel, military media and cultural troupes, and security;
*General Logistics Department: financial affairs and audits; housing, food, uniforms, and other supplies; military healthcare; military transportation; and capital construction; and
*General Armament Department: weapons and equipment needs, research and development, electronics and information infrastructure, and the manned space program.
The Ministry of National Defense in the State Council is not in the chain of command.
===General Political Department===
The China Association for International Friendly Contacts (CAIFC) is the public name for the PLA General Political Department's International Liaison Department (GPD/LD). The department conducts ideological and political work on foreign armies and with the aim of dampening their morale and breaking them up. [[CAIFC]] was established in 1984 by Deng, and his daughter Rong has been a vice-president of the organization since 1990.<ref>https://qz.com/933971/the-intricate-ties-between-the-woman-who-paid-16-million-for-trumps-condo-and-chinas-power-elite/</ref> A
report from the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission described the CAIFC “…a front organization for the former General Political Department, performs dual roles of intelligence collection and conducting propaganda and perception management campaigns…”.<ref>[https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China's%20Overseas%20United%20Front%20Work%20-%20Background%20and%20Implications%20for%20US_final_0.pdf China's Overseas United Front Work]. Alexander Bowe. August 24, 2018. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. uscc.gov.</ref>
===General Logisitcs Department===
The General Logistics Department was authorized as the core unit to lead every level of the military to eradicate the practice of Falun Gong including the power to manage the secret detention facilities and the process of [[forced organ harvesting|live organ harvesting]].
According to an investigation by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, over 100 different military hospitals have developed or expanded their organ transplant facilities, with over 2,000 medical personnel involved. These include military general hospitals which belong directly to the Central Military Commission, all military branch general hospitals, general hospitals which belong to the seven regional military commands, hospitals affiliated with military medical universities, military hospitals coded with numbers, and armed police general hospitals. The transplant volume performed by Chinese military hospitals is the largest of any military in the world. They also play a role in resolving core technical issues in organ transplantation and supporting civilian hospitals with living organ supplies and technical assistance.<ref>https://endtransplantabuse.org/an-update-chapter-twelve-a-state-crime/</ref>
===Unrestricted warfare===
:{{see also|Biological warfare|CCP global pandemic}}
Since the publication in 1999 of ''Unrestricted Warfare: Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization'', by Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, it has been understood that hard-line elements within the Chinese National Security community have been envisioning and positioning themselves for war with the USA. As the title suggests, this book subverts the strategic thinking and rules of "old-style warfare”, proposes “new types of warfare” and explores military tactics, strategy and organization in the age of globalization. The “unrestricted” part of “unrestricted warfare” avoids direct military confrontation and seeks instead to conquer through non-kinetic means.
The authors argued that the notion that “national defense being the country’s main security goal is somewhat outdated, at least rather inadequate." Under such circumstances, a country, especially a weak one, must go beyond the limits of "traditional war" in order to win when it is faced with an opponent stronger than itself.
[[File:CCP Unrestricted Warfare.PNG|right|500px|thumb]]
"Traditional war" follows certain rules or boundaries, for example, protections for the civilians and civilian facilities, humanitarian treatment to [[POW]]s, banning the use of [[weapons of mass destruction]], etc. These principles were formally established in a series of international agreements. "Unrestricted warfare" means going beyond the limit, whether it is material, spiritual, ethical or technical; and whether it is called 'range', ‘restriction’, ‘restraint’, ‘boundary’, ‘rules’, ‘law’, ‘limit’, or ‘taboo’ ". In “unrestricted warfare” there is no distinction between "front and rear", "military and civilian”, country and territory. It is not restrained by moral and ethical limits. Any person and any facility can be considered as a military target. In order to achieve the goal, you can do whatever you want.
Unrestricted warfare tactics are divided into three categories, "military, trans-military and non-military. To operate “unrestricted warfare”, any item in the table of the three categories can be combined with one or more other items as needed to form "combined tactics". The authors specifically pointed out in the note: "The three categories of operations here are real wars, not metaphors or descriptions."
When all the boundaries of “old-style warfare” are broken, there is only one reality left: the entire human society is treated as a battlefield. There is no doubt that the [[United States]] is the simulated enemy against whom the unrestricted warfare was formulated. The reasoning goes that the Peoples Republic of China, being the weaker party compared with the United States in terms of military technology and power justifies [[tactic]]s described in ''Unrestricted Warfare'', since conventional tactics may not ensure victory against the US.<ref>https://jianglinswritings.blogspot.com/2020/05/unrestricted-warfare-rulelessness-is.html</ref>
In 2015, Chinese military scientists discussed how to weaponize SARS coronaviruses to "cause the enemy’s medical system to collapse." In a 263-page document, written by People's Liberation Army scientists and senior Chinese public health officials and obtained by the US State Department during its investigation into the origins of COVID-19, suggests that SARS coronaviruses could herald a "new era of genetic weapons," and noted that they can be "artificially manipulated into an emerging human disease virus, then weaponized and unleashed in a way never seen before."<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/covid-19/chinese-military-discussed-weaponizing-covid-2015-cause-enemys-medical-system-collapse</ref>
===Peoples Armed Police===
The People Armed Police (PAP) is a paramilitary component of China’s armed forces; its primary mission is internal security. Although the PAP has specialized units for a variety of functions, such as border security and firefighting, most units address internal security. PAP units are organized into contingents for each province, autonomous region, and centrally administered city. There are also a small number of mobile divisions available to deploy anywhere in the country to respond to crises.
In 2017, authorities announced that the PAP would be commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC), removing the State Council from the chain of command and removing the PAP from the direct control of provincial authorities.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2126039/reason-why-chinas-armed-police-will-now-only-take</ref> Moreover, the changes removed all troops not involved in domestic security duties from the PAP. Following the changes, the PAP has become a force exclusively focused on domestic security that operates under the command of the CMC. Other types of PAP troops, such as firefighting and border defense, have been transferred to other central ministries. Authorities also revised PAP funding to strengthen central control. Mirroring the organizational and administrative changes, the central government began to almost exclusively fund the PAP, thereby removing local and provincial funding streams. Stronger central control of the PAP removes these troops from possible misuse by local power holders, deters potential challengers to Beijing’s authority, and enables the central government to deploy the forces to carry out its own strategic plans, such as consolidation of political control over the western provinces. However, the militarization of the PAP raises the prospect that domestic security concerns will be considered in military terms, further weakening what little remains of the rights of Chinese citizens, especially in the ethnic-minority dominated provinces featuring a heavy PAP presence.
==State Council==
[[File:Chinese state money to HUNTER.PNG|right|400px|thumb|]]
:{{see also|People's Republic of China}}
The Party entrusts implementation of its policies and day-to-day administration of the country to the institution of the State, headed by the civilian State Council or Cabinet, which does not include the Central Military Commission. The State Council, also known as the Central People's
Government, includes the State's ministries and commissions and layers of “people’s governments” below the national level. The top State officials at every level of administration usually concurrently hold senior Party posts, to ensure Party control. While the Foreign Ministry is a mere ministry under the State Council, the Central Military Commission of the People's Liberation is not. In the Chinese Communist Party hierarchy, the Central Military Commission is of equal rank to the civilian bureaucracy of the State Council that manages domestic and foreign affairs.
The State President serves as China's [[head of state]]. Since 1993, every Communist Party General Secretary has served concurrently as
State President, but the position is largely ceremonial and involves few duties other than meeting with foreign heads of state. The State President and State Vice President rank below the Central Military Commission. The Minister of Defense is actually the third most senior uniformed member of the Central Military Commission and is outside the operational chain of command of the People's Liberation Army.
To understand the political system of the People's Republic of China, there are two constitutions, a Party constitution and a state constitution. Both constitutions make it clear that the Party exercises leadership of the political system, the economy, and society at large,
Party committees are embedded in the State Council, ministries under the State Council, the legislature, the courts, prosecutors’ offices, state-owned enterprises, and all other public institutions, such as universities and hospitals, as well as in most private companies and many non-governmental organizations.
At the sub-national level, provinces, counties, and townships all have a Party committee and a parallel people's government, with the Party Secretary of the Party committee serving as the geographic unit's top leader.
The Ministry of Health (MOH) and later the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) led the health care system in the transplantation of organs. Since organ transplantation has been made a high priority in the CCP's national strategy and heavily emphasized as a future emerging industry, a large number of organ transplant projects have been funded under major national programs. The Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, other departments, and the military have invested heavily in research, development, and personnel training in transplantation technology to meet the needs of this rapidly-growing industry. New capabilities and techniques have emerged and been extensively spreading, allowing live organ transplantation in China to grow into a large, industrialized operation in less than two decades.
===National People’s Congress===
The National People's Congress (NPC) is controlled by the Communist Party. All candidates to the NPC are nominated by the Communist
Party. The NPC's role is to ratify the Party's decisions. It holds a 10-day-long annual full session in March.
===Ministry of State Security===
The MSS is the country’s main civilian intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] agency. Its missions include protecting China’s national security, securing political and social stability, conducting counterintelligence, and implementing the State Security Law and related laws.42 The provincial and municipal departments of the MSS are responsible for carrying out surveillance and domestic intelligence work. Some of the departments also carry out foreign intelligence work.
===Ministry of Public Security===
Chinese leaders rely on the MPS and the MSS as the primary forces for ensuring public order and controlling threats in the country. The MPS is responsible for domestic law enforcement, as well as overall maintenance of “social order,” riot control, and antiterror duties. Unlike the PAP
or PLA, however, the MPS provides oversight of local police forces, most of which are controlled and funded by local and provincial officials. Locally hired Chinese police forces are generally regarded as poorly paid, poorly trained, and corrupt.
==Supreme People's Court==
The state constitution calls the Supreme People's Court “the highest judicial organ.”
==Supreme People's Procuratorate==
The Supreme People's Procuratorate is China's top prosecutor's office.
==Doctrine==
''Commentary Six'' of the ''Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party'' states,
[[File:Xi and Mao.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Xi an Mao]]
{{quotebox|"Since attaining power in 1949, the CCP has devoted the nation’s resources to destroying China’s traditional culture. This ill intention did not come from the CCP’s zeal for industrialization, nor from simple foolishness in worshipping [[Western civilization]]. Rather, it came from the CCP’s inherent ideological opposition to traditional Chinese culture. Thus, the CCP’s destruction of Chinese culture has been planned, well organized, and systematic, supported by the state’s use of violence. Since its establishment, the CCP has never stopped “revolutionizing” Chinese culture in the attempt to destroy its spirit completely.... the CCP’s destruction of traditional Chinese culture is a direct attack against Chinese [[morality]] and undermines the basis for peace and harmony in society.
The “philosophy” of the Communist Party completely contradicts the authentic traditional Chinese culture....Both Buddhism and Taoism are forms of theism, and believe in .... the karmic causality of good and evil. The Communist Party, on the contrary, not only believes in atheism, but also runs wild in defying the Tao.... Confucianism values family, but the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' clearly promulgates abolition of the family. ...Confucian culture promotes kindness to others, but the Communist Party encourages [[class struggle]]....
To gain and maintain power in China, the Communist Party first had to plant its [[immoral]] thoughts on Chinese soil. Mao Zedong claimed, “If we want to overthrow an authority, we must first make propaganda, and do work in the area of ideology.” The CCP realized that the violent communist theory, which is sustained with arms, is the refuse of Western thoughts and could not stand up to China’s profound 5,000-year cultural history. ...The CCP then completely destroyed traditional Chinese culture, so that [[Marxism]] and [[Lenin]]ism could take China’s political stage.<ref>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-6</ref>}}
===Communist Party of China and atheism===
''See also:'' [[Militant atheism]] and [[Asian atheism]] and [[Growth of Christianity in China]]
In 1955, [[China|Chinese]] communist leader Zhou Enlai declared, "We Communists are [[Atheism|atheists]]".<ref>Noebel, David, The Battle for Truth, Harvest House, 2001.</ref> In 2014, the Communist Party of China reaffirmed that members of their party must be atheists.<ref>
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/19567-china-s-communist-party-reaffirms-marxism-maoism-atheism China’s Communist Party Reaffirms Marxism, Maoism, Atheism], ''New American'', 2014
*[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/02/china-communist-party-atheism-zhejiang-ban-religious-members-christianity_n_6599722.html China's Communist Party Bans Believers, Doubles Down On Atheism]</ref>
In 2016, the ''International Business Times'' reported:
{{cquote|A senior Chinese advisor on religious affairs has said the country should promote atheism throughout society, in remarks that appear to reflect a deepening campaign to reinforce traditional Marxist values in China — and could add to concern about official attitudes among believers in the country’s five officially recognized religions.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/senior-chinese-religious-advisor-calls-promotion-atheism-society-2363850 Senior Chinese Religious Advisor Calls For Promotion Of Atheism In Society], ''International Business Times''</ref>}}
===Religious intolerance===
The Chinese Communist Party persecutes the country's Christian population, as well as the Falun Gong population, and Tibetan Buddhists. There are several well-documented cases of abuse, [[torture]] and false imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=26602 Christians under Attack in China], By Frederick W. Stakelbeck Jr., [[FrontPage Magazine]], January 25, 2007.</ref>
In 1950, the CCP instructed its local governments to ban all unofficial religious faiths and secret societies. The CCP stated that those “feudalistic” underground groups were mere tools in the hands of landlords, rich farmers, reactionaries, and special agents of the Kuomintang (KMT). In the nationwide crackdown, the government mobilized the classes they trusted to identify and persecute members of religious groups.
[[File:CCP anti-semitism.jpg|left|300px|thumb|The communist controlled Chinese embassy in [[France]] tweeted an [[anti-Semitic]] image portraying the United States as the grim reaper carrying an [[Israel]]i flag knocking on Hong Kong's door.<ref>https://freebeacon.com/national-security/chinese-embassy-in-france-tweets-quickly-deletes-anti-semitic-imagery/</ref>]]
Governments at various levels were directly involved in disbanding such “superstitious groups,” such as communities of Christians, [[Catholic]]s, Taoists, and [[Buddhist]]s. They ordered all members of these churches, temples, and religious societies to register with government agencies and to repent for their involvement. Failure to do so would mean severe punishment.
In 1951, the government formally promulgated regulations stating that those who continued their activities in unofficial religious groups would face a life sentence or the [[death penalty]].
This movement persecuted a large number of kind-hearted and law-abiding believers in [[God]]. Incomplete statistics indicate that in the 1950s, the CCP persecuted at least 3 million religious believers and underground group members, some of whom were killed. The CCP searched almost every household across the nation and interrogated its members. The executions reinforced the CCP's message that communist ideology was the only legitimate ideology and the only legitimate faith.
The concept of “patriotic believers” soon emerged, and the state constitution protected only patriotic believers. The reality was that, whatever [[religion]] you believed in, there were only these criteria: You had to follow the CCP's instructions, and you had to acknowledge that the CCP was above all religions. If you were a Christian, the CCP was the God of the Christian God. If you were a Buddhist, the CCP was the Master Buddha of the Master Buddha. Among Muslims, the CCP was the Allah of the [[Allah]]. When it came to the Living Buddha in Tibetan Buddhism, the CCP would intervene, and itself choose who the Living Buddha would be.
The CCP left you no choice but to say and do what the CCP demanded you to say and do. All believers were forced to carry out the CCP's objectives while upholding their respective faiths in name only. Failing to do so would make you the target of the CCP's persecution and dictatorship.
According to a Feb. 22, 2002, report by Chinese online magazine ''Ren yu Renquan'' (''Humanity and Human Rights''), 20,000 Christians conducted a survey among 560,000 Christians in house churches in 207 cities in 22 provinces in China. The survey found that, among house church attendees, 130,000 were under government surveillance.
In the book “''How the Chinese Communist Party Persecuted Christians'',”<ref>“How the Chinese Communist Party Persecuted Christians” (in Chinese). 1958. Cited in [http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-3 ''Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party, Part 3].</ref> it is stated that by 1957, the CCP had killed more than 11,000 religious adherents and had arbitrarily arrested and extorted money from many more.
By eliminating the landlord class and the capitalist class and by persecuting large numbers of God-worshipping and law-abiding people, the CCP cleared the way for communism to become the all-encompassing religion of China.
===Sino-U.S. strategic relations===
Jin Canrong, a professor and associate dean of the School of International Studies at Beijing's Renmin University of China,<ref>https://archive.is/z5RMg</ref> laid out a multi-pronged strategy involving a range of malign actions to subvert the United States while strengthening the Chinese regime.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/xi-jinpings-adviser-outlines-plan-for-ccp-to-defeat-us-including-manipulating-elections_3748196.html</ref> They include:
*interfering in U.S. elections,
*controlling the American market,
*cultivating global enemies to challenge the United States,
*stealing American technology,
*expanding Chinese territory, and
*influencing international organizations.
====Interfering in U.S. elections====
Jin Canrong suggested that the CCP should interfere in U.S. elections to bring pro-Beijing candidates to power. He singled out races for seats in the U.S. House of Representatives as an easy target. “The Chinese government wants to arrange Chinese investments in every single congressional district to control thousands of voters in each district,” Jin said.
He noted with a population (at the time) of about 312 million and 435 congressional districts, roughly 750,000 residents live in each district.
“The voting rate in the United States is about 30 percent, which means around 200,000 residents in each congressional district vote for the representative in that district,” Jin said. “Normally the difference of votes between two candidates is 10,000 or less. If China has thousands of votes on hand, China will be the boss of the candidates.” Jin said China's ambition is to control at least the U.S. House. “The best scenario is China can buy the United States, and change the U.S. House of Representatives into the second Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress,” he said, referring to the committee that oversees the CCP's rubber-stamp legislature.
====Controlling the U.S. market====
Ramping up Chinese investments in the United States is another way to exert influence in the country's political system, Jin Canrong said, noting that this tactic has the added benefit of enriching Chinese business people and the CCP. “The investment opportunities in the United States are relatively good,” he said. “The U.S. market is open—more open than the Japanese and European ones,” he continued, adding that its benefits include its size, transparency, and stability.
He said the Chinese regime wants Chinese business people to control the U.S. market, and also for them to develop their businesses in the country. To reach this goal, the Chinese regime had tried to negotiate with Washington for the U.S.-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). The agreement was actively negotiated for the decade prior to 2017, but fell off the agenda during President Donald Trump's administration. Some U.S. companies wishing to enter the Chinese market, and the U.S.-China Business Council have advocated for the signing of a BIT.
====Fostering enemies of the U.S.====
Jin Canrong said the Chinese regime was at a strategic advantage due to the United States’ role as global enforcer: whenever there is a crisis in the world, the United States would have to intervene to maintain global stability, which in turn drains U.S. resources and diverts its attention away from China. As examples, he cited the [[Afghan War|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq war]]s, which he described as “completely not strategically valuable” endeavors that cost the United States “$6 trillion and 10,000 soldiers’ lives.” The result was that the United States “wasted ten years [without being aware of China’s development], and let China grow big,” Jin said.
Jin said the CCP's “strategic task” was to make sure the United States has not less than four enemies. Four enemies are needed to stretch the United States’ resources while bogging the government down in domestic debates over which threat to prioritize, Jin said.
Jin concluded that the United States only has three adversaries: “Terrorism is definitely an enemy of the United States. Russia looks like another one … Definitely, the United States treats us as a competitor … It’s not enough.”
The professor said that in the past few years, the CCP had tried to develop [[Brazil]] into an adversary of the United States, but was unsuccessful because Brazil “didn’t want to be improved.” He said the CCP had pumped a lot of investment into Brazil in the bid to get its support on global issues, including taking stances against the United States. Xi had visited Brazil in 2014 and agreed to invest in [[infrastructure]] in the country's western region, as well as a [[railway]] to link ports in Brazil and [[Peru]].
Jin said the Chinese regime has given up on this approach and is trying to find a candidate to develop into a U.S. adversary.
Engaging in drawn-out negotiations with the United States is also an effective strategy to bog down the United States, while giving the regime the time to focus on developing itself, according to Jin. During such negotiations, the United States wouldn't take punitive actions against the CCP such as sanctions, and instead focus its energy on preparing and carrying out the talks. Meanwhile, the Chinese regime, which has no intention of negotiating in [[good faith]], would use the breathing space given to it over the course of the negotiations to solidify its power both inside and outside of China.
Xi's global strategy to bolster the regime's global power has two pillars, according to Jin. One is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the other is the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP).
BRI, previously known as One Belt One Road, is a massive global investment strategy launched by the CCP in 2013 aimed at bolstering its economic and political influence across Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America. The project involves investments in infrastructure and natural resource projects in countries. It has been criticized by the United States and other countries as an example of “debt trap” diplomacy, that saddles developing countries with unsustainable debt burdens while allowing the communist regime to export its technology and governance abroad. The professor also believed that Chinese-backed development banks, the New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, would work to Beijing's advantage, as countries that received loans from the banks would then be beholden to the regime, Jin said. "We will be more powerful than the United States with more friends,” he said. “Then we can tell the United States that we are the only representative of the world.”
====Stealing American technology====
The professor admitted that the CCP has depended on stolen American technology to fuel its growth. “China’s industry has a large output, but lacks certain technology,”Jin Canrong said. “In the past 30 years, we bought technology, 46 percent of which were from [[Germany]]. But the United States has the best technology, but it doesn’t sell to us.” He added, “Americans think that Chinese [[hacker]]s steal a lot of their things. This may very well be true.” Jin said key technology for China's J-20 fighter jet and DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missile was stolen from the United States.
The regime is also eager to get its hands on American space technology.
In June 2016, China's Long March 7 rocket sent an orbital debris clean-up satellite Aolong-1 to space. Beijing claimed that Aolong-1 only brought space debris back to earth, but Jin suggested the satellite had another mission. “The U.S. said that [Aolong-1] was collecting American satellites [from the space], and bringing them back to China,” Jin said. “We can disassemble [the American] satellites and reassemble them into Chinese ones.”
====Expanding regime territory====
Jin Canrong believed that the Chinese regime would occupy the whole of the South China Sea and Taiwan in the near future.
The CCP lays claim to almost all of the South China Sea bordered by the [[Philippines]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], and Taiwan. Beijing has sought to bolster its claims in the strategic waterways by building artificial islands in the area and building military outposts on them. “In one and half years [in 2013 and 2014 under Xi’s administration], China has created more than 3,200 acres of territory. The other four claimant states have created only 100 acres in 45 years,” Jin said. Jin boasted about the regime's success in wresting control of the Scarborough Shoal from the Philippines in 2012 with the help of Chinese fishing boats and coast guard vessels.
“Even if the Philippines wants the United States to take over the reefs [in the South China Sea], the United States can’t guard them,” Jin said. “If the United States stations an [[aircraft carrier]] there, China can simply send 2,000 fishing boats and surround the carrier. Then the carrier doesn’t dare to fire at the fishing boats.”
In relation to Taiwan, the CCP has more ways to bring the democratic island under its control, Jin said. The regime views the self-ruled island as part of its territory and has vowed to bring Taiwan under its fold with force if necessary. For instance, the regime could bribe Taiwanese politicians, ban trade and tourism from China, convince the few remaining countries that recognize Taiwan diplomatically to switch to China, blocking Taiwan's participation in international organizations and meetings, and [[assassination|assassinating]] some Taiwanese to instill fear among the population.
====Influencing international organizations====
Jin Canrong also explained the CCP's plan to exert greater influence over global bodies such as the United Nations, the [[World Trade Organization]], the World Health Organization, [[Interpol]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the International Olympic Committee, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
The Chinese regime's goal is for “all these international organizations to be controlled by China. We can appoint someone who speaks Chinese [who represents China] to be its leaders,” Jin said.
During his speech, Jin emphasized that Xi was unlike his predecessors in his ambitions. Previous CCP leaders, such as Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao worked hard to develop the regime's power but didn't dare to use it, he said. “No matter how much power you have, it’s nothing if you don’t dare to use it,” Jin said. “Chairman Xi dares to use it. [Xi’s authorities] have the power, dare to use that power, and all of its attacks make the other party bleed.”
Xi's ambitions, however, cannot be revealed to the outside world, the professor said. When Xi took power in 2012, he urged the country to realize the “Chinese dream.” This meant becoming a “moderately well-off” country by 2021, and then a “strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious, and modern socialist country” by 2049.
Jin explained that Xi's target is actually to replace the United States as the world's only superpower by 2049. “[Chinese] Ministry of Foreign Affairs keeps on saying [at press briefings] that China loves peace. But no reporters at the press briefings believe this,” Jin said.
===Xi Jinping Thought===
In October 2017 an amendment including Xi's name was added to the CCP's party constitution, marking the first time a living leader's name was added since Mao Zedong, reflecting Xi's standing within the Communist Party. The amendment was approved by all 2,300 delegates attending the party congress, is called "Xi Jinping Thought for the New Era of Socialism With Chinese Special Characteristics."
The move placed Xi on the same level as Mao and Deng Xiaoping, whose names also appear in the party constitution in articles reflecting their principles. The political principles of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, Xi's predecessors, were added to the party constitution, but their names were not.
''[[The New York Times]]'' Chris Buckley notes that Xi's authority "is not directly comparable to the almost godlike influence Mao commanded," but, at the same time, "the Chinese economy, state and military are much more powerful now than they were under Mao, or even under Deng, which gives Mr. Xi far more global influence than his predecessors."<ref>https://www.businessinsider.com/china-xi-jinping-and-chinese-economy-2017-10</ref>
Xi Jinping Thought is an effort to avoid the demise of Communist party power such as happened in the [[Soviet Union]] as the result of ''[[Perestroika]]'' and ''[[Glasnost]]'' reform movements instituted by Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].
{{Anchor|United Front Work Department}}
===Three warfares doctrine===
The Three Warfares Doctrine consists of psychological warfare ([[psyops]]), media warfare ([[propaganda]] and [[fake news]]), and legal warfare ([[lawfare]]).
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses propaganda and influence operations as a means of projecting its power and weakening its enemies. Chief amongst the targets for these kinds of operations is the United States. These operations are coordinated and directed by the CCP's [[United Front Work Department]] (UFWD).<ref>https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China's%20Overseas%20United%20Front%20Work%20-%20Background%20and%20Implications%20for%20US_final_0.pdf</ref>
The CCP's United Front system mobilizes the party's “friends” to strike the party's enemies. The system was greatly energized and expanded by Xi Jinping. It operates inside foreign political parties, diaspora communities, colleges and corporations, all with the goal of promoting the party's interests. The express goals of the United Front system include undermining social cohesion, exacerbating racial tension, and influencing politics.<ref>https://www.aspi.org.au/report/party-speaks-you</ref>
===Document 9===
Document 9 was leaked in 2013 by a Chinese dissident journalist who was in turn sentenced to a seven-year imprisonment for "leaking state secrets".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese journalist Gao Yu faces seven years in prison for 'leaking state secrets'|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-journalist-gao-yu-prison-sentence-leaking-state-secrets/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Buckley|title=Chinese Journalist Sentenced to 7 Years on Charges of Leaking State Secrets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/world/asia/china-journalist-gao-yu-gets-7-year-sentence.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 April 2015|issn=0362-4331|accessdate=}}</ref> The name of the document, '''Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere''' (also translated as the '''Briefing on the Current Situation in the Ideological Realm'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Tilting backwards|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/06/political-rebalancing|newspaper=The Economist|date=24 June 2013|issn=0013-0613|accessdate=}}</ref>) comes from it being the ninth such document issued that year in China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Document 9: A ChinaFile Translation|url=http://www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation|website=ChinaFile|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=}}</ref> It is thought that Document No. 9 was issued by the General Office of the Central Committee, and would have required the approval of Xi and other top leaders. ''The New York Times'' reported that it "bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html?mcubz=1 | title=China Takes Aim at Western Ideas |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The document specifically addresses the following issues, using these same terms in the document itself, which it regards as problems that threaten Chinese Communist Party rule:
# '''Promoting Western Constitutional Democracy:''' An attempt to undermine the current leadership and the "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]" system of governance. Including ''the [[separation of powers]], the multi-party system, [[general election]]s, and independent judiciaries''.
# '''Promoting “universal values” in an attempt to weaken the theoretical foundations of the Party's leadership.''' That ''“the West’s values are the prevailing norm for all human civilization”'', that ''“only when China accepts Western values will it have a future”''.
# '''Promoting civil society in an attempt to dismantle the ruling party's social foundation,''' i.e. that ''[[individual rights]] are paramount and ought to be immune to obstruction by the state''.
# '''Promoting [[Neoliberalism]], attempting to change China's Basic Economic System,''' i.e. ''unrestrained economic liberalization, complete [[privatization]], and total marketization''.
# '''Promoting [[the West]]’s idea of [[journalism]],''' challenging China’s principle that the [[media]] and publishing system should be subject to Party discipline.
# '''Promoting historical [[nihilism]], trying to undermine the history of the CCP and of New China.''' For example ''to deny the [[scientific]] and guiding value of [[Mao Zedong thought]]''.
# '''Questioning Reform and Opening and the socialist nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics.''' For example, saying ''“We have deviated from our Socialist orientation”'' such as occurred after ''Glasnost'' or "openness" eased censorship restrictions in the Soviet Union.
===Sexism===
[[File:women.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:
*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones: Profile of the no religion population"]. American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT]. Retrieved from Internet Archive.
*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009). [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"]. Live Science website.
*Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/11/sex-differences-in-global-atheism-part-n/ "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N"]. Discover magazine website.</ref> See: [[Atheism and women]] ]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism and Asian males]] and [[Atheistic China and sexism]] and [[Atheistic China and gender based workplace discrimination]]
A majority of the [[atheist population]] is male (see: [[Atheism and women]]). According to the [[BBC]]:
{{quotebox-float|At the end of the Chinese Communist Party's 19th Congress, the new Politburo Standing Committee was revealed: seven middle aged men in dark suits, without a woman to be seen. There has never been a female member of the Standing Committee.
Of the 2,280 delegates at that Congress, fewer than a quarter were women.
That's got some people asking whether the party should take gender equality more seriously. The New York Times wrote of women being "shut out" - but does the Chinese Communist Party have a woman problem?
Of the 89.4 million members of the Chinese Communist Party, just under 23 million are women - that's 26%.
And women make up 24% of China's National Congress - the sprawling national parliament. You don't have to be a Communist Party member to sit on that.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41652487 Reality Check: Does China's Communist Party have a woman problem?], BBC</ref>}}
In the administration of [[birth control]] there have been slogans posted, such as
{{quotebox-float|“If one person violates the law, the whole village will be sterilized,” “Rather another tomb than another [[baby]],” or, “If he did not have a vasectomy as he should, his house will be torn down; if she did not have an [[abortion]] as she should, her [[cow]]s and [[rice]] fields will be confiscated.”<ref>https://www.followcn.com/on-the-tyranny-of-the-chinese-communist-party/</ref>}}
==Law==
The CCP's National Intelligence Law, which went into effect in July 2017, compels all persons and companies doing businesses in China to cooperate with the CCP's internal security apparatus and the intelligence goals of the Chinese Communist Party.
===National Intelligence Law Article 7===
{{quotebox|''Any organization or citizen shall support, assist and cooperate with the state intelligence work in accordance with the law, and keep the secrets of the national intelligence work known to the public.''
''The State protects individuals and organizations that support, assist and cooperate with national intelligence work.''<ref>https://cs.brown.edu/courses/csci1800/sources/2017_PRC_NationalIntelligenceLaw.pdf</ref>}}
The new law essentially codifies the principles of the Maoist Cultural Revolution to spy on or terrorize fellow citizens, as well as extends the Communist Party's reach into Chinese telecommunications companies throughout the world and foreign businesses operating in China.
==Infiltration of international organizations==
China has gained significant influence within the [[United Nations]], and Chinese law dictates that they remain loyal to Beijing in their service.
A report from a [[coalition]] of human rights groups, led by Amnesty International Canada, says that China is increasingly using “threats, bullying and harassment” to intimidate activists around democracy, civil rights, and those who speak out against human rights abuses of Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Falun Gong practitioners.
==Human rights, security police, and public health==
Since the Tiannanmen massacre the party is obsessed with stability, deploying a vast internal security apparatus to head off protests or, once they erupt, to prevent them from spreading. The government is constantly talking about 'stability maintenance' which is coded language for ensuring the party's rule. The domestic security apparatus includes an 800,000-strong police force under the Ministry of Public Security and a 1.5 million-strong paramilitary force, the People's Armed Police, which reports to both the Party's Central Military Commission and, through the Ministry of Public Security, to the State Council. Other agencies involved in internal security include the Party's Propaganda Department, which plays an important role in censoring the media to prevent discussion of subjects that might feed movements for change; the Ministry of State Security, which focuses on internal security threats as well as conducting intelligence-gathering abroad; and the Ministry of Justice, which operates China's [[gulag]]s and forced labor system. Many of China's gulags operate factories to produce [[consumer goods]] for [[export]] to the [[United States]] and the rest of the world.
===Forced labor===
[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px]]
China's network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today.<ref>It is also known as the “laogai” system. It's [[Russia]]n equivalent is '' Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei'' or ''gulag''.</ref> U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref> Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export. There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019 a six-year-old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,
{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China Forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards</ref>}}
Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national government. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government. According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],
{{quotebox|“[t]he [PRC] government reportedly profits from [the use of] forced labor. Many prisoners and detainees in ‘reeducation through labor’ facilities [are] required to work, often with no remuneration.”}}
Many prisons function as subcontractors for Chinese firms. The State Department has noted cases in which
{{quotebox|“detainees were forced to work up to 18 hours a day without pay for private companies working in partnership with Chinese authorities” and “were beaten for failing to complete work quotas."<ref>Cited in ''Prison Labor Exports from China and Implications for U.S. Policy'', U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, July 9, 2014.</ref>}}
The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China], 2009-10-01</ref>
In addition to criminal sentences imposed by a court, administrative detention imposed by police with no legal [[due process]] required, the CCP has a system of “Black Jails”, an unofficial system of unlicensed confinement facilities used by local CCP officials primarily to detain petitioners seeking redress of grievances.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/china1109web_1.pdf</ref>
====''Guardian'' report====
In a 2011 story published by ''[[The Guardian]]'' a former prisoner claimed he was sentenced to three years at a Reeducation Through Labor (RTL) camp for “illegally petitioning” central government officials about corruption in his local area. In addition to performing work digging in open-trench coal mines, carving chopsticks, and assembling automotive seat covers for export, he described a system in which prisoners were forced to spend 12-hour shifts in the evenings playing online video games to build up virtual credits that were then sold online by camp officials.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/china-prisoners-internet-gaming-scam?CMP=twt_gu</ref> Prison officials made approximately $785–$940 per day from the “gold farming” services performed by prisoners, which made the work more profitable than the prison's more traditional manufacturing enterprises. Gold farming (also termed “powerleveling”) is a practice associated with many online role-playing games, in which a player pays someone else to play their character for them – thereby building up points that make their characters more powerful or acquiring possessions (e.g., wealth, weapons) that similarly make them stronger. Online vendors may also offer for sale existing characters whose power and wealth have already been built up through extended periods of game play, or virtual goods that can be transferred to other characters.<ref>http://www.infodev.org/infodev-files/resource/InfodevDocuments_1076.pdf</ref> Websites acting as brokers for such
trades are easily locatable online. On August 6, 2012, Commission staff located, with a single [[Google]] search, the website www.ogdeal.com, which claims the title of “The Leading MMORPG (‘massively multiplayer online roleplaying game’) Services Company.” The site offered credit exchanges for over 40 popular online games (to include ''Anarchy'', ''Age of Conan'', ''Diablo 3'', ''Final Fantasy'', ''Warhammer'', ''Star Wars: The Old Republic'', etc.), with payments “via Paypal, Moneybookers, Libertyreserve and Westernunion within 10mins after the trade.” “Sell Anarchy Online Credits,” www.ogdeal.com.<ref>http://archive.is/EgZNL</ref>
No compensation was provided to the prisoners themselves. Prisoners who failed to earn the required numbers of virtual credits would be beaten by prison guards: “If I couldn't complete my work quota, they would punish me physically. They would make me stand with my hands raised in the air and after I returned to my dormitory they would beat me with plastic pipes. We kept playing until we could barely see things.”
Along with virtual goods generated by prisoners offered for sale online, prisoners are also used for spamming, “cherry blossoming,”* and “click fraud.”<ref>https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/17/android_trojan_click_fraud_scam/</ref> ‘Cherry blossoming’ is a term used to refer to small marketing related digital tasks, such as ‘liking’ a brand's [[Facebook]] page against a small pay. It involves using a large numbers of workers to complete small tasks for a business client. Cherry blossoming can also be used to increase the number of hits on a company or product webpage, thereby raising its Internet profile and seeming popularity with consumers.
Click fraud is believed to be a widespread practice in China. Anchor Intelligence digital marketing identified a click fraud ring involving 200,000 different IP addresses and racked up more than $3 million worth of fraudulent clicks across 2,000 advertisers in a two-week period run out of technical universities such as the Shanghai Technology Institute.<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2009/10/08/the-evolution-of-click-fraud-massive-chinese-operation-dormring1-uncovered/</ref> ''PC Magazine Online'' defines click fraud as the practice of “[c]licking ad banners without any intention of purchasing the product. Click fraud is done to make an ad campaign appear more effective. Paying a few cents per hour to workers in a third-world country to sit at a computer all day and do nothing but click banners makes an ad campaign appear very successful. If ads are based on click-throughs (pay-per-click), the Web site publishing the ads and clicking the ads countless times can make a dishonest profit.”<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/click-fraud</ref>
====Uyghur forced labor====
[[File:CCP concentration camp.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A transport of Uighur prisoners at a CCP [[concentration camp]] in Xinjiang.<ref> https://www.businessinsider.com/china-xinjiang-prisoners-blindfolded-tied-up-leaked-drone-footage-2019-10</ref>]]
:{{See also|Xinjiang concentration camps}}
According to some reports, the CCP has begun to move large numbers of Uyghurs, including many former detainees, into textile, apparel, and other labor-intensive industries in Xinjiang and other PRC provinces. Uyghurs who refuse to accept such employment may be threatened with detention. They continue to be heavily monitored outside of work, and are required to attend political study classes at night. A study by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute identified nearly 120 Chinese and foreign companies, including global brands, that the institute alleges directly or indirectly benefit from Uyghur labor in potentially abusive circumstances.<ref>https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10281</ref>
Uyghurs are working in factories that are in the supply chains of at least 83 well-known global brands in the technology, clothing and automotive sectors, including [[Apple]], [[BMW]], Gap, [[Huawei]], [[Nike, Inc.]], [[Samsung]], [[Sony]] and [[Volkswagen]]. In factories far away from home, they typically live in segregated dormitories, undergo organised Mandarin and ideological training outside working hours, are subject to constant surveillance, and are forbidden from participating in religious observances.<ref>https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale</ref>
===Forced organ harvesting===
:{{See also|Forced organ harvesting}}
[[File:Organ-harvesting-profits.jpg|right|thumb|These values come from the China International Transplantation Network Assistance Center (CITNAC) at www.zoukiishoku.com. CITNAC was founded in the transplantation institute at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Its website was shutdown soon after organ harvesting was exposed, here is the [http://web.archive.org/web/20050407211151/http://en.zoukiishoku.com/list/cost.htm archived page].]]
The CCP has a long history of violently suppressing faith as “feudal superstition.” Given the number of Falun Gong practitioners in the country, the CCP's persecution was a massive undertaking.
In China there were more than 600 hospitals and over 1,700 doctors engaged in organ transplant surgeries in 2007. The statistics published by the Tianjin Oriental Organ Transplant Center and the No. 2 Hospital of the Second Military Medical University (also known as Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), two hospitals that have close ties to the Chinese military, provide a glimpse into the rapid growth of China's organ transplant market. The ''China Southern Weekend'' reported, "The Oriental Organ Transplant Center's rapid growth has brought about huge revenue and profits. According to previous media reports, liver transplants alone bring the Center an annual income of 100 million yuan". According to a ''Phoenix Weekly'' 2006 report, "In 2004, the fee for a liver transplant at the Oriental Organ Transplant Center was $32,000 (approximately 250,000 yuan). In 2005, it was over $40,000 (approximately 330,000 yuan). Some intermediary agencies charged a brokering fee as high as USD $13,000."
People with financial means are willing to buy organs at a high cost, and the huge profit pushes the hospitals to pursue new sources of organs by all means necessary to increase their profit margins. Given China's political and legal environment, certain groups of people become especially susceptible targets. Namely, Falun Gong practitioners.<ref>http://www.stoporganharvesting.org/business-of-organ-harvesting/</ref>
In March 2020 the China Tribunal, an independent people's tribunal, released its full judgment on Chinese forced organ harvesting.<ref>https://chinatribunal.com/</ref> The panel was chaired by Sir Geoffrey Nice who previously led the [[prosecution]] of former [[Yugoslavia]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Slobodan Milosevic]] for [[war crimes]] at the International Criminal Tribunal and included other experts in law, transplant surgery, international politics, Chinese history and business. The experts concluded that the grisly practice has continued unabated. In June 2019 the tribunal delivered its findings in [[London]], concluding beyond a reasonable doubt that state sanctioned forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience has taken place for years in China on a significant scale and is still taking place. The main organ supply came from imprisoned practitioners of the persecuted spiritual group Falun Gong.<ref>https://en.minghui.org/html/articles/2019/4/15/176497.html</ref>
The Chinese regime has persecuted the group for more than two decades. Hundreds of thousands of adherents have been thrown into prisons, labor camps, and [[brainwash]]ing centers where many have been tortured in an effort to force them to renounce their faith.<ref>'''WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT.''' [http://photo.minghui.org/photo/selected-En/u_persecution/21222121551.htm Horrific Abuse Revealed upon Death]. "Heilongjiang Practitioner Wang Bin was tortured to death on Septempber 24, 2000 by Daqing Men's Labor Campa. Hosptial examination showed: a lymph artery was broken; over a dozen of his bones, including his collar bone, sternum and ribs were broken; one of Wang's testicles was also split; the backs of Wang's hands were found to have been repeatedly burned; Wang's nostrils were burned and injured by the lit cigarettes that were inserted into them; and many parts of Wang's body were black and dark purple.."</ref> The tribunal concluded that the Chinese regime sustained campaign of forced organ harvesting constituted a crime against humanity. Many people have died indescribable hideous deaths for no reason, that more may suffer in similar ways, and that all of us live on a planet where extreme wickedness may be found in the power of those, who for the time being, are running a country that is one of the oldest civilizations known to modern man.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gfN2_uOvTM</ref>
[[File:China_Liaison_Office,_Hong_Kong.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|The Liaison Office in Sai Ying Pun (the building with a row of red flags). This is the headquarters of the Hong Kong branch of the Chinese Communist Party.]]
===Hong Kong===
The [[Hong Kong]] branch of the Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1947 as the Xinhua News Agency Hong Kong Branch. Although the party has ruled Hong Kong since 1997, it remains technically illegal, or "underground." This status, unique among the world's ruling parties, allows the CCP to evade local laws that require political parties to disclose financing and to provide a membership list. In 2000, the name of the branch was changed to "Liaison Office of the Central People's Government." It is headquartered in a tower in the city's Sai Ying Pun district. In 2003, the office was reorganized as a "second government" parallel and equal in status to the "local government" in Admiralty. Since 2012, Sai Ying Pun has been the dominant partner in the Hong Kong government. The Liaison Office is headed by a director, currently Luo Huining. Luo is a member of the national party's central committee. The office has extensive and undisclosed property holdings through Newman Investment, a subsidiary. The office reports to the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, an agency of the Beijing government. This agency is currently headed by Xia Baolong, also a central committee member.
The Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 provides that Hong Kong will enjoy a "high degree of autonomy except for foreign and defence affairs" under a "one country, two systems" approach. This approach was to last for fifty years, from 1997 to 2047. China promised that it would hold a direct election for chief executive by 2017. In August 2014, the Chinese parliament announced that Hong Kong voters would choose a chief executive from two or three candidates nominated by a committee. This announcement triggered mass pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong in the form of the Umbrella Movement. The protests failed to the stop the selection of Carrie Lam as chief executive in 2017. In 2017, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry announced that the joint declaration was no longer valid.
In 2019 the Hong Kong government proposed a bill to [[extradite]] suspects who were wanted on the mainland. Unlike Hong Kong courts, mainland courts do not provide suspects with due process or other legal protections. A series of the enormous protests were held in Hong Kong and the bill was withdrawn on October 23, 2019. Parties that supported the pro-democracy protesters swept the District Council elections that were held in November.<ref>Loh, Christine, "[https://hkupress.hku.hk/pro/con/1724.pdf Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong]" Second Edition.</ref>
===Racism and minority rights===
:''See also: [[East Asia, China, atheism and racism#China and racism|China and racism]]''
The Internations organization website declares concerning racism in China:
{{quotebox|China’s economic investment in a number of African countries may well have helped to create the prejudice that all Africans are poor and profiting from money that should rather be invested at home, thus fostering racism in China. In Guangzhou, where a large number of Africans have settled over the last few years, racial tensions have been particularly high.<ref>[https://www.internations.org/china-expats/guide/29460-safety-security/discrimination-and-racism-in-china-17752 Discrimination and Racism in China], Internations.org website</ref>}}
Gen. Xu Qiliang, vice-chair of the Central Military Commission and a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee]] who is China's most senior military officer, refused to meet with his counterpart, [[Lloyd Austin]], America's first [[African American]] [[Defense Secretary]].<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2021/05/23/show-of-disrespect-top-military-leaders-in-china-shunning-bidens-woke-defense-sec-report-1078176/</ref>
====Africans and American blacks====
Leroy Adams writes in an article entitled ''What is it like to be Black in China?'':
{{quotebox|China is a country plagued by racism.
To be Black or African in China is to be labeled unintelligent, dangerous, unattractive, or to see an empty seat next to you on a crowded subway.<ref>[https://www.inkstonenews.com/opinion/black-panther-what-it-be-black-china/article/2136990 ''What is it like to be Black in China?''], Inkstone News</ref>}}
Barry Sautman published via the ''Cambridge University Press'' about racism in post Mao Zedong China:
{{quotebox|Expressions of anti-black sentiment by Chinese students have caught the world's attention periodically since the end of the 1970s. Demonstrations against African students in Nanjing and other cities between late 1988 and early 1989 received wide press coverage. Because the African population in China is small and transient, some observers saw these events as a manifestation of a vestigial xenophobia, not as part of a developing trend of thought within a key segment of Chinese society. Placed next to the brutal ethnic conflicts that plague much of the world, the episodic, non-lethal incidents in China seemed evanescent, with only fleeting implications for China's foreign policy.<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/anti-black-racism-in-post-mao-china/862AF22CB97347DD0EF289792919640B Anti-Black Racism in Post-Mao China] by Barry Sautman, ''Cambridge University Press''</ref>}}
The Leftwing communist government's response to the coronavirus was to blame foreigners for importing the virus.<ref>https://www.ibtimes.com/china-blames-world-new-coronavirus-cases-all-imported-no-local-transmission-2946187</ref> [[Black]] Africans and [[African American]]s were evicted from their apartments and refused service in local shops and restaurants.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/africans-in-china-being-evicted-from-homes-after-lockdown-ends/ar-BB12uxqM</ref> Those who could leave the socialist paradise ended up living on the streets, constantly harassed by the [[police]].<ref>https://www.france24.com/en/20200411-if-you-re-black-you-can-t-go-out-africans-in-china-face-racism-in-covid-19-crackdown</ref>
One of the biggest ways the outbreak of the CCP coronavirus has damaged China's international reputation is by exposing the country's racist attitude toward Africans. Despite the fact that the virus originated in China itself, local governments and people in different parts of the country have been treating Africans like they were the ones responsible for triggering the COVID-19 pandemic. Such an attitude obviously has angered millions of Africans back home.<ref>https://www.visiontimes.com/2020/05/05/africans-enraged-at-chinas-racist-attitude.html</ref>
On April 13, 2020, the U.S. consulate had to issue an alert warning [[African-American]]s to avoid the [[Guangzhou]] region since they could be racially targeted. It advised African-Americans in China to always carry their identity documents with them since it is less likely for officials to target an American citizen.
China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian accused the U.S. of trying to drive a wedge between Africa and China, saying that the United States was being neither responsible nor [[moral]]. A [[State Department]] spokesperson pointed out that the mistreatment meted out to Africans in China is a clear signal of how hollow the China-Africa relationship is despite Beijing constantly masquerading as being a benefactor for African people.<ref>https://en.tuidang.org/news/communist-regime/2020/05/africans-enraged-at-chinas-racist-attitude.html</ref>
====Uyghurs and Muslims====
According to various estimates, the Chinese Communist authorities have placed anywhere from 1-3 million Turkic Muslims, mostly ethnic [[Uyghur]]s, and [[Kazakh]]s, in Concentration Camps without formal charges, trials or hearings, and with no timetable for release. Many detainees have little or no contact with their families and, in some cases, young children. Some CCP officials describe the Xinjiang camps as “vocational education institutions” in which “trainees” learn the Chinese language, legal knowledge, and job skills, and undergo “de-extremization.” Other CCP authorities state that detainees are “infected with religious extremism and violent terrorist ideology.” According to some reports, many prisoners had engaged in activities that authorities may now deem “extremist,” including participating in religious services outside of officially sanctioned places of
worship; [[home-schooling]] one's children; spending time abroad or having relatives living abroad; and expressing religious sentiments.
Many detainees reportedly are compelled to express or chant their love of the Communist Party and President Xi Jinping, sing patriotic songs, renounce or reject many of their religious beliefs and customs, including their avoidance of pork, alcohol, and smoking, and undergo ideological indoctrination and self-criticisms. According to former detainees, treatment and conditions in the camps include beatings, food deprivation, and crowded and unsanitary conditions. Some reeducation centers reportedly contain factories where detainees are forced to work, in some cases producing goods for export.
Recent security measures include the following:
*Police Presence and Surveillance: Thousands of “convenience” police stations, furnished with antiriot and high-tech [[surveillance]] equipment, have been installed.
*Biometric data collection: Authorities have systematically collected and cataloged [[DNA]] samples, [[blood type]]s, and fingerprints and performed eye scans of Uyghurs for identification purposes as part of its social stability campaign, often under the guise of “health physicals.”
*Internet and Social Media Controls: Uyghurs in some areas of the XUAR are required to install an application on their [[mobile phone]]s that enables authorities to monitor their online activities.
*Home stays: The government has sent an estimated one million officials and state workers from outside the XUAR, mostly ethnic Han, to live temporarily in the homes of Uyghurs to assess their hosts’ loyalty to the Communist Party.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1148671/download</ref>
===CCP coronavirus global pandemic===
:{{See also|Global Wuhan coronavirus pandemic|CCP virus}}
[[File:WHO-CCP Wuhan virus.PNG|left|300px|thumb|The [[World Health Organization]], headed by a Marxist [[fellow traveller]], publicly announced that the [[Wuhan virus]] originating in [[China]] posed no threat of contagious reaction between humans.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/03/18/flashback-who-china-coronavirus-contagious/</ref> Within a month the [[planet]] faced a global [[pandemic]].]]
The Chinese Communist Party stifled public warnings about the Chinese [[Wuhan coronavirus]] [[epidemic]] for six weeks after the first confirmed inflections in early December 2019. Doctors who posted on [[social media]] about the virus were arrested and forced to sign confessions admitting to crimes of "disrupting the social order" and "rumourmongering".<ref> The confession signed on Jan. 3, 2020 says that they had “severely disrupted social order:”<small>"On December 30, 2019, WeChat group "Clinical Wuhan University 04" issued untrue statements about 7 cases of SARS diagnosed in the South China fruit and seafood market. Now raise warnings and admonitions according to law on the illegal issue of untrue statements on the Internet. Your behavior severely disrupts social order. Your behavior has exceeded the scope permitted by law, and it violates the relevant provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Public Security Management Penalties , which is an illegal act! The public security organ hopes that you will actively cooperate with your work, follow the advice of the police, and stop the illegal behavior. can you do it? Answer: Yes We hope that you calm down and reflect carefully, and solemnly warn you: if you are stubborn, do not think about repentance, and continue to carry out illegal activities, you will be punished by the law! do you understand? Answer: understand"</small><br> [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%87%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%AD%E8%AF%AB%E4%B9%A6.png Exhortation of Wuhan Public Security Bureau Wuchang Branch Zhongnan Road Street Police Station], February 7, 2020. wikicommons.org </ref> The local Communist-controlled Wuhan government was instructed by the central authority not to issue health alerts until after the virus was spread throughout the country and internationally. The [[Beijing]] central government in turn blamed local officials for allowing people to exit the city and put the rest of the population in danger.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/wuhan-mayor-admits-wrongdoing-but-pushes-blame-on-beijing-for-mishandling-viral-outbreak-crisis_3218297.html</ref>
President [[Donald Trump]] offered China any help necessary.<ref>https://news.am/eng/news/556919.html</ref> The leftist regime, with its trademark [[monopoly]] control of power, banned private charities and volunteers from entering Hubei Province or sending materials to hospitals directly.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/china-restricts-medical-supply-donations-to-epicenter-despite-dire-need-during-viral-outbreak_3217718.html</ref>
Chinese scientists eventually admitted the virus may have originated at a government laboratory only 280 meters away from the Huanan seafood market. A Chinese-language newspaper published in Hong Kong, ''Ming Pao'', and the British daily, ''The Mirror'' explained that the Wuhan Center for Disease Control, or WHCDC, could have spawned the contagion in Hubei Province. It stated that it's plausible the virus was leaked from the lab and contaminated initial patients in this epidemic. Sen. [[Tom Cotton]], citing ''The Lancet'', tweeted
{{quotebox-float|China claimed—for almost two months—that coronavirus had originated in a Wuhan seafood market. That is not the case. @TheLancet published a study demonstrating that of the original 40 cases, 14 of them had no contact with the seafood market, including Patient Zero.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/tom-cotton-implies-coronavirus-originated-in-wuhan-super-laboratory</ref>}}
Sources within China say 90,000 people were infected before the Chinese Communist Party alerted the public to the danger of the epidemic. People reporting on [[social media]] about the true extent of the disaster from within the Wuhan containment zone risk arrest by the atheist controlled CCP.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/china-issues-harsh-warning-to-silence-social-media-postings-on-wuhan-pneumonia_3219251.html</ref> The case histories and the pattern of infection were known to Chinese researchers from the beginning, so earlier reports fingering the market may have been intentionally misleading.<ref>Cohen, Jon, "[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally]," ''Science'', Jan. 26, 2020.</ref>
====Public broadcasting and reporting====
[[File:Projected cases.png|right|350px|thumb|Projected cases and fatalities January 27, 2020, four days after the outbreak became known; within four more days reported fatalities and infections more than doubled.]]
:{{See also|Chinese epidemic coverup|CCP propaganda war}}
On February 5, 2020, State-run media broadcast an interview with lead scientist Wang Chen. Chen claimed:
1. The situation is grave. A new diagnostic class "clinically diagnosed" (those showing clinical symptoms but without [[RNA]] test) is added to facilitate access to treatment.
2. 11 new container hospitals will provide patients with light symptoms with limited medical care but better containment. Real hospitals will be used for serious cases (confirmed or suspected).
3. Suspected patients will stay in single rooms in container hospitals. Infected patients will stay in open-air beds.
4. They don't know how many are actually infected. The officially reported number is just the new test results.
5. Gilead's medicine has shown the most promise. But it still requires clinical trials.
6. They can't estimate when the turning point will be.
Chinese state-run media falsely blamed the United States for the outbreak.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg7FwHteB0I</ref> On March 12, 2020, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman initiated a [[conspiracy theory]] that the US military started the coronavirus in China,.<ref>https://twitter.com/MrAndyNgo/status/1238150527751319575</ref><ref>https://news.trust.org/item/20200312152307-rlv7m</ref> Leftist media in the United States willingly aided Chinese propaganda efforts by falsely calling those who link the virus to Wuhan, where it first manifested, "[[racist]]".<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/03/13/dems-media-warned-new-narrative-aids-chinas-new-conspiracy-us-military-started-covid-19-896694</ref>
====Under-reporting true scale of pandemic====
The true scale of infections is estimated to be possibly ten-times higher than the official number reported by the Chinese central government.<ref>https://finance.yahoo.com/news/chinas-coronavirus-victims-likely-10-times-higher-than-reported-analyst-says-155836267.html</ref>
On January 24, 2020, one day after the world was first alerted to the outbreak, a doctor circumventing [[liberal censorship|leftist censorship]] in Wuhan reported 90,000 infected cases.<ref><small>Dear friends, elders,
I ’m still in the epidemic area of Hankou, Wuhan, and I ’d like to report to you the current epidemic situation in Hubei and even the whole country.
There are now more than 90,000 person-times (Note: Infected person-times or incidents?)
What is the chance of this virus being transmitted? After a person is infected, if he is not effectively isolated,
Or if effective treatment is performed, he will infect 14 people around him, so this level is very large.
Now it’s the time of the Chinese New Year family and friends, relatives, children, and children are all going to the house to reunite the family together for a reunion dinner
The situation is special now. I hope you don’t go out.
Every year in the Spring Festival, as long as people are safe, everyone can be together anytime, anywhere
Let me introduce you to the situation of medical supplies in Hubei Province
At present, the entire medical system in Wuhan, which integrates the entire medical system in Hubei Province, has passed through our superiors. The health and health committee (Note: these three words are uncertain)
And various administrative departments
The municipal government and the provincial government are initiating donations to the society through major media. This material is medical material. For example, the goggles I wear
Wear disposable masks, wear disposable gloves, wear this gown, or even isolation pants.
This material is extremely accurate. Our current medical staff must come back to the front line when they come down from the clinic.
I am now equivalent to recording this video with everyone on the FireWire, in order to make everyone accurate.
The manufacturing worker of the 16th to the 18th centuries still had, with but few exception, an
I stress again that during the Spring Festival holiday, don’t go out and stay in your own house, otherwise I ’m desperately ahead
Not just to keep my dad, my loved ones, healthy
I hope everyone can understand, I also know that some relatives are not in the group, please see the news of me, call each other and inform
It must be done. I hope everyone can raise awareness. This is a political task.
And I ’m reporting very bad news. This new type of coronavirus has undergone the second generation mutation
In other words, in the first generation of mutation, we can treat it symptomatically.
Then when the second-generation mutation occurs, this is terrible, and its chance of infection is not one person to one person, one person has the disease and infects 14 people around him.
Then it is pour burst (note: these five characters are uncertain)
I hope everyone remembers, do n’t go out, do n’t go out, do n’t meet, do n’t have dinner
thank you all</small><br>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfdWmjPt2ow<br>https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/wuhan-nurse-fears-90000-infected-emotional-plea-help</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' of [[London]] quoted Prof. Neil Ferguson saying “My best guess now is perhaps 100,000 cases right now. Almost certainly many tens of thousands of people are infected.”<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/26/coronavirus-could-infect-100000-globally-experts-warn</ref> Other sources likewise have implied that the [[communist]] government of China may have under-reported the true dimensions of the problem.
Because coronavirus is a "noval" virus, meaning "new" or "unknown", technicians lack the training to identify infections. People are going to multiple hospitals daily, attempting to be tested or treated. There are a limited number of test kits available, so hospitals have to choose who will be tested. That is one more reason why the true extent of the virus was underreported.
The first week 213 deaths were reported worldwide with over 9,800 confirmed infections. The leftist Chinese regime was suspected of suppressing the real extent of the epidemic. By the end of the second week 813 were reported dead with more than 37,300 confirmed infected. 193,000 were under observation. 400 million people were on lockdown nationwide.<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/more-400-million-people-lockdown-guangzhou-joins-quarantine</ref>
Near the end of the third week 1,666 were reported dead with 69,000 plus infected. There was near universal skepticism - inside and outside China - on the Chinese socialist government's reporting on the epidemic.
2363 deaths were reported with 78,000 infections near the end of the fourth week. CCP officials admitted to changing their methodology of reported infections, lowering the rate of reported numbers. [[South Korea]] was reporting a complete doubling every day for the past four days. [[Iran]] was experiencing a serious outbreak. Reported numbers in the United States were puzzling.
The sixth week - after the virus spread globally and the first death was reported in the United States, NTD reported that the Communists ordered all data on the coronavirus to be destroyed in a province close to Beijing, in a deceitful attempt to suppress the true extent of the virus' spread in China.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRagZsnEc2Q</ref>
====Censorship====
[[File:Drone-footage-shows-mass-grave-in-new-yorks-hart-island-1-thum (1).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Burial of unidentified and unclaimed bodies on Hart Island, New York during the CCP global pandemic.]]
CCP authorities cracked down hard on people trying to break through the veil of government secrecy, as [[discrediting attack|they call it "rumormongering"]], according to the state-run Xinhua news agency. All persons who spread "fake news" (i.e. the truth about the real extent of the epidemic, its spread and its consequences), and thus disturbs social order, will face up to three years in prison detention or disciplinary action under China's [[social credit system]]. Offenders who cause serious consequences will be given three to seven-year prison terms.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLROgqAjDhQ</ref>
Despite the threat of prison, many people still went online to blame the government, both high and low ranking officials. Some residents of Wuhan posted videos calling for international help. Viral videos showed dead bodies on the floor in hospitals as patients sat near by. Videos of massively crowded hospitals were posted causing local authorities to build a giant new containment facility in a week. However, video footage of the project came from Chinese state media. It was released it to [[the West|Western]] [[media]] as a [[propaganda]] effort to demonstrate how "great" the [[authoritarian]] approach to problem solving is. The structures are not really hospitals at all. The structures are large quarantine camps where people are monitored and receive no treatment at all.<ref>https://twitter.com/owishemwe/status/1225758761370910720</ref><ref>[[BuzzFeed]] reported that video of one such "hospital" was actually an apartment building being constructed on the other side of the country.<br>https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/china-state-media-false-coronavirus-hospital-image</ref>
The Chinese people became more creative in skirting leftist censorship laws. Guizhou television broadcast a child reading a poem entitled, ''"China has a cold because of a virus that wears a crown,''" a veiled reference to [[President Xi]] and the Communist party.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajONB3eMQP4</ref>
The leftist social media platform [[Twitter]] suspended [[Zerohedge]] for its extensive reporting on the Coronavirus outbreak.<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/political/zerohedge-suspended-twitter</ref>
On March 1, 2020, the Communist regime imposed a new [[internet]] censorship policy on the heavily policed Weibo. The hashtag #takedownthewall began trending. Some comments were preserved in screenshots:
*"I know it's useless, but I want to speak up anyway."
*"I'd rather die than not be free."
*"I want to know the world."
*"If we don't take it down, the wall will only be higher and higher."
and by doing away with the special privileges of the nobility. It destroyed the power of the
*"Why should we be proud to stick our head in the sand?"
*"I retweeted 6 posts. They are all deleted now because they have the hashtag. I am going to repost them."
*"We don't want to live in a world where we can't speak. We want to have our own voice."
*"They cover our eyes, ears, mouths....but now, do they want to cut off our hands so we can't write? Maybe they will cut off our feet so we can't walk ahead."
====Lockdown and mass arrests====
[[File:Annotation 2020-01-28 161645.png|300px|right|thumb|Containment facilities with barred windows for Coronavirus patients in Wuhan, China.<ref>https://nationalfile.com/china-posts-video-of-hospital-trailers-with-steel-bars-on-windows-locks-on-outside/</ref>]]
Prior to the opening of camps, the Communist party nailed and barricaded whole households inside their residences. Gates of apartment buiildings were welded shut,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YtqH6eyGaM</ref> and food delivered every three days. When the quarantine camps were ready to receive victims, the Chinese government began forcibly removing people and arresting them to fill up camps.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GYqcNy4UGU</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gsfe-LAMFIk</ref> [[5G]] technology has been used to facilitate mass round-up
A person can be arrested for not wearing a mask.
Student dorms have been taken over as quarantine detention facilities.
it proclaims itself to be also the dominant political class. This it does through the introduction of
The socialist system, which guarantees access to healthcare as a human right, posted banners reading,
{{quotebox-float|"If you dare go out we will break your legs; we'll knock your teeth off if you dare talk back."<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmsD3myyFas&t=84s</ref>}}
At least two citizen journalists who were reporting on the real situation in Wuhan and posting on the internet disappeared. It is unknown if they fell victim to the virus or were arrested for violating [[Liberal censorship|communist censorship]] laws.
====Public and party reaction====
One of the eight doctors - [[Dr. Li Wenliang]] - forced to a sign a confession on January 3, 2020, admitting to posting “illegal and false” information warning the public of the coronavirus outbreak and epidemic, died on February 7, 2020. A selfie of the doctor lying sick in his hospital bed went viral, stirring widespread outrage in China.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/15576/china-coronavirus-li-wenliang</ref> “To get an idea of the enormous scale of said outpouring of grief and anger, Dr. Li’s death apparently generated 800 million(!) comments on Weibo by midnight - 2.5 hours after it was first reported and 3 hours before it was confirmed by the hospital."<ref>https://twitter.com/davidpaulk/status/1225620210775994368?s=11</ref>
the growth of the proletariat proceeds at precisely the same pace as the growth of capital.
A woman in Wuhan posted a video saying,
{{quotebox|Chinese Communist Party, when are you going to step down? You promised us that Chinese people will enjoy ‘moderate prosperity’ in 2020, but what have we attained [from you] so far? We lost our relatives [because of you]!
Tell me, what does it mean to achieve ‘moderate prosperity’?” What does ‘moderate prosperity’ mean to us when people have lost their lives? What on earth are you doing? What do we need such a government for? I beg you, please go away! Step Down! We need good leaders who can help us live a good life. We don’t need such a corrupt government.
The soaring home prices and high cost of living have caused hardships for Chinese residents. And now so many people are dying. Everyone will get to see the economic bubble burst.
You should bear the consequences of your actions. Do not implicate us ordinary folk. Now we are bearing the brunt of it, and we are being sacrificed for what you have been doing!
What on earth are you? Are you humans or devils?<ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/health/are-you-humans-or-devils-chinese-woman-lashes-out-authorities-after-relatives-die-virus</ref>}}
According to Kyle Bass, Chief Investment Officer at Hayman Capital Management,
{{quotebox|Secretary Xi is in trouble within China. According to my sources within, the party elite want Xi gone. The Guangdong elite ([[Deng Xiaoping|Uncle Deng]]’s family) are beginning to rattle the cages of change against the supposed “emperor for life”. #XiJinping #china #ChinaLiedAndPeopleDied<ref>https://twitter.com/Jkylebass/status/1249016519574663169</ref><ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/health/china-begins-mass-deletion-online-research-coronavirus-origins</ref>}}
====Wolf warrior diplomacy====
:{{See also|Wolf warrior diplomacy}}
The Chinese Communist regime reacted to the international crisis it created with "Wolf Warrior" style diplomacy, named after the 2015 Chinese action film and its 2017 sequel. Wolf Warrior is named for a fearsome screen hero, Wu Jing, a kind of Chinese Rambo. The CCP stoked anger in Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and many others.
The CCP demands that the outside world treat Taiwan as a pariah. It wants it to be known only as “Chinese Taipei” or “Taiwan, Province of China” in public documents. It insists that the island state be denied observer status in the World Health Assembly, the deliberative body for the UN's health watchdog, the World Health Organisation.
CCP's English language mouthpiece, ''Global Times'' justifies the CCP's bellicose reaction to international requests for an independent inquiry into the origins of the CCP virus outbreak:
and gradually business got better than ever.
{{quotebox|what's behind China's perceived "Wolf Warrior" style diplomacy is the changing strengths of China and [[the West]]. When the West falls short of its ability to uphold its interests, it can only resort to a hysterical hooligan style [[diplomacy]] in an attempt to maintain its waning dignity. As Western diplomats fall into disgrace, they are getting a taste of China's "Wolf Warrior" diplomacy....
Some claim that China is abandoning its principle of "hiding its ability and biding its time" which it stuck to over the past 30 years. The "Wolf Warrior" style of diplomacy doesn't contradict this principle, it's just less subtle. The reasoning behind this principle was to dilute ideological conflicts and concentrate on development, and China's national policy has always prioritized economic development. China embraces [[globalization]] and multilateral cooperation. The growing influence of China worldwide can be largely attributed to internationalization and the force of markets.<ref>https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1185776.shtml</ref>}}
On April 3, 2020, a Chinese coast-guard ship intentionally rammed and sank a [[Vietnam]]ese fishing vessel. The two countries are in conflict over jurisdiction of the Paracel Islands and fishing rights in the waters around the archipelago. On April 18, China unilaterally announced the establishment of the Nansha and Xisha administrative districts in the Paracels and the [[Spratly Islands]], drawing a protest from the [[Philippines]], which has a presence of its own on at least nine Spratly islands and islets, including Fiery Cross Reef. The Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, which monitors territorial conflicts, says Fiery Cross has been transformed into a Chinese missile base. In an earlier move, in mid-February 2020, a Chinese naval ship locked its radar on a Philippines naval vessel near the Commodore Reef in the Spratlys, signaling a strike as an act of intimidation. China in recent months has also provoked conflicts with [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], and Taiwan. ''[[The National Review]]'' reports:
[[File:SouthChinaSea.jpg|left|350px|thumb|Disputed claims in the South China Sea.]]
{{quotebox-float|China appears to be exploiting the coronavirus pandemic to advance its [[South China Sea]] expansion project by “brute force … using its increasingly powerful navy to assert its dominance by harassing the shipping of rival states, even at times, in their own territorial waters.”
But just as China’s failure to stop a local epidemic from becoming a global catastrophe has brought it precisely the bad PR it was hoping to avoid, its South China Sea bullying has resulted in intensified anti-Chinese reactions in Southeast Asia and around the world. Beijing’s efforts to staunch the country’s hemorrhaging international reputation have had the opposite effect....
China’s illegal assertiveness in the South China Sea — its wolf-warrior diplomacy — is damaging the state’s and Chinese people’s reputations. But it is also perhaps the greatest threat to international peace and security in the world today. Understanding the sources of China’s behavior is thus a matter of paramount concern.
...Economic growth had faltered before the onset of the coronavirus, but now the country faces food shortages, unemployment, inflation, a debt crisis, and, given the inflexibility of centralized and often corrupt management, even the specter of financial collapse. The CCP has relied merely on two factors to legitimize its rule in China despite its notorious record of human-rights violations and corruption: economic performance and nationalism. As the economy suffers, nationalism intensifies.
The kind of nationalism that has emerged in China is, like that of [[Nazi Germany]], intrinsically aggressive toward nonconforming individuals, groups, and other societies.<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/05/chinas-wolf-warrior-diplomacy-in-context/</ref>}}
[[File:Wuhan ashes.PNG|right|thumb|150px|Trash bin full of ashes after 1 day at a Wuhan crematorium.<ref>https://twitter.com/IsChinar/status/1223045699874492417</ref>]]
=====Decoupling=====
Decoupling refers to restricting and terminating certain trade relationships with the Chinese Communist Party. Decoupling however, is not limited merely to commerce. It will affect student exchange programs as students from China are hand selected by the Chinese Communist Party and expected to serve the party upon graduation without becoming infected with ideas such as [[democracy]], [[justice]], and [[religion]] while in the United States. American students studying in China likewise are targeted for compromise, blackmail, and ideological subversion.
The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board oversees the Thrift Savings Plan, a retirement fund for federal employees and members of the uniformed military services, with about $600 billion in assets. Money is withheld from federal employees and the military's paychecks to contribute to the fund. Approximately 11% is invested in Chinese companies, some of which produce weapons designed to kill members of the U.S. military.<ref>https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/trump-orders-federal-retirement-money-invested-in-chinese-equities-to-be-pulled</ref> The government of China even prior to the CCP virus outbreak was in violation of U.S. sanctions law and engaged in humanitarian and human rights abuse.
====Crematoriums====
The leftist regime was accused of burning bodies 24 hours a day in secret to hide the true number of deaths.<ref>https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm</ref><ref>https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/burning-bodies-secret-new-accounts-wuhan-detail-coronavirus-outbreak</ref><ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/funeral-home-worker-in-wuhan-epicenter-of-coronavirus-we-are-working-24-7-to-cremate-bodies_3227432.html</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhgtRhWh240</ref> Crematory workers are working 10–12 hours a day and do not go home. More than 60% of victims die at home and 38% in hospitals. The communist bureaucracy tries to issue death certificates, including the cause of death, within thirty minutes. Transporting corpses to crematoriums for disposal is the most time-consuming task in the process.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KFxCqV1fPQ</ref> Typically, Wuhan funeral homes handled about 220 deaths per day. Funeral workers were brought in to Wuhan from all over China to operate the city's crematoriums 24/7 with capacity of cremations of over 1,500 per day for two and half months.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/funeral-home-worker-in-wuhan-epicenter-of-coronavirus-we-are-working-24-7-to-cremate-bodies_3227432.html</ref>
The Chinese government began using mobile crematory units. In a video circulating on the internet, a Wuhan resident says she witnessed critically ill coronavirus patients sealed up in body bags while alive.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpeNO8PSuyY</ref>
The ''[[Voice of America]]'' reported an estimate of the 84 cremation furnaces in the city have a capacity of 1560 cremations in a 24-hour period, assuming one cremation takes one hour, results in an estimated 46,800 deaths. A source close to the provincial civil affairs bureau said Wuhan saw 28,000 cremations in the space of a single month, suggesting that online estimates over a two-and-a-half month period weren't excessive.
City officials handed out 3,000 yuan ($420) in hush money to families of the dead in exchange for their silence.<ref>https://www.voanews.com/science-health/coronavirus-outbreak/estimates-show-wuhan-death-toll-far-higher-official-figure</ref>
We see with the greatest clarity:
==History==
:{{See also|History of the Chinese Communist Party}}
Founded in 1921, was the Asian branch of the [[Comintern]], controlled by [[Joseph Stalin]] from Moscow. Mao Zedong was present at the founding <ref>Dick Wilson, ''The People's Emperor Mao: A Biography of Mao Tse-tung'', New York 1979, pg. 60.</ref> and became the dominant party leader in 1935 during the [[Long March]], whose survivors controlled the party into the 1990s. Mao and his CCP were the bitter enemies of the [[Kuomintang]] party ('''KMT''') under [[Chiang Kai-shek]], which ruled China until defeated by the CCP in 1949. Chiang and his army retreated to the nearby island of Taiwan, which still operates a separate regime. By 1956 U.S. Ambassador Joseph C. Grew commented,
{{QuoteBox|The appalling figures on [[murder]]s committed by the Beijing Communist government are neither propaganda, exaggerations nor guesses. Since the Communists drove [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the Nationalists off the mainland in 1949, official accounts in Red newspapers have listed the executions of millions of Chinese. . .<br>
. . . The real total of Chinese deaths administered by Beijing probably would total a great deal more than the estimates. Few Chinese marked for death by Beijing had a chance to escape their executioners. The Communists masked their real intentions with a deceptively mild, restrained and orderly entry to power.<ref>Joseph C. Grew, ''Invasion Alert!'' (Baltimore, Maran Publishers, 1956), pp. 42-44. [http://openlibrary.org/works/OL4721833W/Invasion_alert!]</ref><ref>R.J. Rummel,
[http://freedomspeace.blogspot.com/2005/11/reevaluating-chinas-democide-to-be.html Reevaluating China's Democide to be 73,000,000], November 20, 2005.</ref>}}
It is not an easy task to introduce a foreign and evil specter such as the Communist Party—one that is totally incompatible with the Chinese tradition—to China, a country with a history of 5,000 years of civilization. With a long monarchial and feudal past, traditional Chinese had no word equivalent to the [[Western]] concept of "political party". Hence the CCP adopted a word associated with "criminal gang" as part of its official name.<ref>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-2</ref> The CCP deceived the populace, and the patriotic intellectuals who wanted to serve the country, with the promise of the “communist utopia.”
It further distorted the theory of communism, which had already been severely distorted by Lenin, to provide a theoretical basis for destroying all traditional morals and principles. In addition, the CCP's distorted theory of communism was used to destroy all that was disadvantageous to the CCP's rule and to eliminate all social classes and people that might pose a threat to its control.
American conservatives have always been vehemently hostile toward Mao, and against his CCP until the 1980s, when a modernizing, pro-capitalist faction led by Deng Xiaoping (1904–97) came to power. The currently leader of the party is Xi Jinping.
===Mao era===
====Soviet Comintern affiliate====
[[Image:Hgdutyu6.png|right|thumb|Flag of the Communist Party of China]]
The All-Russian Communist Party ([[Bolshevik]]) (later known as the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]), was obsessed with ambition for [[China]]. In 1920, the Soviet Union established the Far Eastern Bureau, a branch of the Third Communist International, or the [[Comintern]]. It was responsible for the establishment of a Communist party in China and other countries. Sumiltsky was the head of the bureau, and Grigori Voitinsky was a deputy manager. They began to prepare for the establishment of the CCP with Chen Duxiao and others. The proposal they submitted to the Far Eastern Bureau in June 1921 to establish a China branch of the Comintern indicated that the CCP was a branch led by the Comintern. On July 23, 1921, under the help of Nikolsky and Maring from the Far East Bureau, the CCP was officially formed.
the distribution of all products according to common agreement – in a word, what is called the
Marxism with its declaration to “use violent revolution to destroy the old state apparatus and to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat” was a completely foreign concept in China. Mao Zedong said, "The social scum and hoodlums have always been spurned by the society, but they are actually the bravest, the most thorough and firmest in the revolution in the rural areas."<ref>From Mao’s “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” (March 1927).</ref> The [[lumpen proletariat]] enhanced the violent nature of the CCP and established the early political power of the communist party in rural areas. The word “[[revolution]]” in Chinese literally means “taking lives.” In a debate over the term “lumpen proletariat” during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the CCP felt that “lumpen” did not sound good, and so the CCP replaced it with “[[proletariat]]” simply.
The CCP raised funds by robbing banks and [[kidnap]]ping. Those kidnapped were kept alive to be ransomed back to their families for continued monetary support for the army. It was not until either the Red Army was satisfied or the kidnapped families were completely drained of resources that the hostages were sent home. Some had been tortured so badly that they died before they could return.
In 1935, Mao and Zhou Enlai were elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow. They remained on this committee until it was publicly disbanded in 1943. A Moscow message to all stations on 12 September 1943, message number 142,<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist Party of the United States of America#Secret apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. <br/>
2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. <br>
3. We propose: <br/>
a. That personal contact with leaders of the local Communist organizations should cease and that Communist material should not be accepted for forwarding to the Comintern. <br/>
b. That meetings of our workers may take place only with special reliable undercover [ZAKONSPIRIROVANNYJ] contacts of the Communist [D% organizations], who are not suspected by the [''orgs of''] local authorities, exclusively about specific aspects of our intelligence work (acquiring [1 group unidentified] contacts, leads [NAVODKI], rechecking of those who are being cultivated, etc.). For each meeting it is necessary to obtain our consent. <br/>
Representative of the Soviet Union.<br>
No. 4084 <br>
Lt. Gen. [[P.M. Fitin]]. <br>
Notes: [a] This message is known to have been sent also to NEW YORK, SAN FRANCISCO, and OTTAWA.</ref> relating to this event is one of the most interesting and historically important messages in the enter corpus of [[VENONA]] translations. This message clearly discloses the [[KGB]]'s connection to the COMINTERN and to the national Communist parties.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch4_a.htm Volume 2, Chapter 4]. National Counterintelligence Center, United States Government. n.d.</ref>
[[Edgar Snow]] introduced Mao and [[Zhou Enlai]] to American readers in 1937 in his book, ''Red Star Over China'', shortly after the [[Chinese Red Army]]’s route by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in 1934 and their year long retreat to [[Yan'an]] known as the [[Long March]]. Snow wrote, "the political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the Chinese Communists have been under the close guidance, if not positive detailed direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the Russian Communist Party." And he further declared that the CCP had to subordinate itself to the "strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the leadership of [[Stalin]]."<ref>Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937.</ref>
====Jiangxi Soviet Republic====
[[Image:Cn-rsk.gif|right|thumb|Flag of the Peoples Republic of China from 1928 - 7 Nov 1931.<br> The Soviet Republic of China, referred to as the Jiangxi Soviet Republic, was declared Dec 1, 1931.]]
In 1931 the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow directed Mao Zedong to organize a Soviet on the Russian model.<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'' by David J. Dallin (New Haven, 1948); ''Inside Red China'' by Nym Wales (New York, 1939); [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html#PRC Kiangsi Soviet Republic].</ref> Mao Zedong and [[Zhu De]], and later [[Zhou Enlai]], set up a Soviet government in two central provinces of China. In 1933, the CCP sent a message to [[Josef Stalin]] which read, "Lead us on, O our pilot, from victory to victory!"<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'', David J. Dallin, New Haven, 1948; 17th Congress of Communist Party of Soviet Union, Stenog. Report, p. 1323, quoted in ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 21] pdf.</ref> The 1934 Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic stated that the "Chinese Soviet Government has the ... goal of eventual nationalization of all land." <ref>Ilpyong J. Kim, ''The Politics of Chinese Communism'', Berkeley 1973, p. 25.</ref>
The CCP promised the intellectuals a “heaven on earth.” Later it labeled them “[[rightist]]” and put them into the infamous ninth category of persecuted people, alongside landlords and spies. It deprived landlords and capitalists of their property, exterminated the landlord and rich peasant classes, destroyed rank and order in the countryside, took authority away from local figures, kidnapped and extorted bribes from the richer people, [[brainwash]]ed war prisoners, “reformed” industrialists and capitalists, infiltrated the [[KMT]] and disintegrated it, split from the Communist International and betrayed it, cleaned out all dissidents through successive political movements after it came to power in 1949, and threatened its own members with coercion.
toward a revolution with all their strength. If the oppressed proletariat is finally driven to
the people. Indirect in France and Germany, where the majority of the people consists not only of
the proletariat, who are more and more dependent in all their political interests on the proletariat,
in factories and workshops, with competition among the workers being abolished
(viii) Education of all children, from the moment they can leave their mother’s
(xii) Concentration of all means of transportation in the hands of the nation.
and especially the civilized peoples, into such close relation with one another that none is
that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
the present, will completely disappear. For mechanical and chemical processes are not enough to
the men who make use of these processes must undergo a corresponding development.
the persons involved and into which society has no occasion to intervene. It can do this since it
The CCP started to build its theoretical system of [[genocide]] at its early stage as a composite of its theories on [[class]], [[revolution]], struggle, [[violence]], [[dictatorship]], movements, and [[political parties]].<ref>''On the Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party'', Nine Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party, The Epoch Times, December 13, 2004.</ref> In the “Soviet areas” of Jiangxi Province, while the CCP was encircled by the KMT and could barely survive, it still conducted internal cleansing operations in the name of cracking down on the Anti-Bolshevik League, executing its own soldiers at night or stoning them to death to save bullets.
====Long March====
The Long March was a 6,000 mile retreat of the Chinese Communist Army back to northwest to Outer [[Mongolia]] and the Soviet Union after it being routed by the [[Kuomintang]] in October 1933 to January 1934. In the fifth operation by the KMT, which aimed to encircle and annihilate the CCP, the CCP lost its rural strongholds one after another. With its base areas continually shrinking, the main [[Red Army]] had to flee. The “Long March” was aimed at breaking out of the encirclement and fleeing to [[Outer Mongolia]] and the Soviet Union along an arc that first went west and then north. Once in place, the CCP could escape into the Soviet Union in case of defeat.
The Long March travelled through Shanxi and Suiyuan where no [[Japanese]] troops were deployed. Along the way the Army of the CCP claimed to be fighting the Japanese. A year later, when the CCP finally arrived at Shanbei (northern Shaanxi province), the main force of the Central Red Army had decreased from 80,000 to 6,000 people. The Communists in 1949 rallied to conquer mainland China, and all the Communist leaders of the country after 1949 were on the Long March; by the 1960s, the children of people on the March started to gain power.
====Second Sino-Japanese War====
:{{See also|Second Sino-Japanese War}}
in other countries, in particular, German emigrant workers in London.
When the war against [[Japan]] broke out in 1937, the Kuomintang (KMT) had more than 1.7 million armed soldiers, ships with 110,000 tons of displacement, and about 600 fighter planes of various kinds.
The total size of the CCP Army, including the New Fourth Army, which was newly formed in November 1937, did not exceed 70,000 people. Its power was weakened further by internal fractional politics; it could have been eliminated in a single battle. If the CCP were to face the Japanese in battle, it would not be able to defeat a single division of Japanese troops. Sustaining its own power rather than ensuring the survival of the nation was the central focus and the reason for its emphasis on “national unity.”
After the Japanese occupied the city of Shenyang on Sept. 18, 1931, thereby extending Japanese control over large areas in northeastern China, the CCP fought alongside Japanese invaders to defeat the KMT.<ref>https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2016/07/02/truth-of-mao-zedongs-collusion-with-the-japanese-army-1/</ref> The CCP exhorted people in the KMT-controlled areas to rebel against the KMT, calling on “workers to strike, peasants to make trouble, students to boycott classes, poor people to quit working, soldiers to revolt” so as to overthrow the Nationalist government.
The KMT Army was essentially alone on the frontlines fighting the Japanese, losing more than 200 marshals in the war. The commanding officers on the CCP side bore nearly no losses. However, the textbooks of the CCP have constantly claimed that the KMT did not resist the Japanese and that it was the CCP that led the great victory in the war against Japan.
====Yan'an rectification movement====
:{{See also|Yan'an rectification movement|Rectification}}
In northern Shaanxi Province, while sandwiched between the Japanese and the KMT, the CCP began the Yan’an Rectification Movement of mass cleansing, killing many people. More than 10,000 were killed in the "rectification" process,<ref name="UJPRS">US Joint Publication research service. (1979). ''China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs.'' Foreign Broadcast information Service. No ISBN digitized text March 5, 2007</ref> as the Party made efforts to attack intellectuals and replace the culture of the [[May Fourth Movement]] with that of Communist culture.<ref>Twitchett, Denis and Fairbank, John K. ''The Cambridge history of China.'' {{ISBN|0-521-24336-X}}</ref><ref>Borthwick, Mark. (1998). ''Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia.'' Westview Press. {{ISBN|0-8133-3471-3}}</ref><ref name="Apter">Apter, David Ernest. (1994). Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-76780-2}}</ref> This type of repetitive massacre on such a massive scale did not prevent the CCP from eventually expanding its power to rule all of China. The CCP expanded this pattern of internal rivalry and killing from the small Soviet areas to the whole nation. ''The Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party'' describes Yan'an rectification movement as,
{{quotebox|"the largest, darkest, and most ferocious power game ever played out in the human world. In the name of “cleansing petty bourgeoisie toxins,” the Party washed away morality, independence of thought, freedom of action, tolerance, and dignity....Humiliation became a fact of life in Yan’an—it was either humiliate other comrades or humiliate oneself. People were pushed to the brink of insanity, having been forced to abandon their dignity, sense of honor or shame, and love for one another to save their own lives and their own jobs. They ceased to express their own opinions and recited Party leaders’ articles instead."}}
Mao developed the techniques of "thought reform" (literally "washing the brain" in Chinese). Mao's tactics often included isolating and attacking dissenting individuals in "study groups." These techniques of pressure, ostracism, and reintegration were particularly powerful in China, where the culture puts great value on "saving face", protecting one's innermost thinking, and above all, identifying with a group. Individuals put through thought reform later described it as excruciating. The resulting changes in views were not permanent, but the experience overall seriously affected the lives of those who went through it. The CCP has used these same types of techniques on millions of Chinese since 1949.
====Maoist revolution====
In 1945–46, the U.S. attempted to force a negotiated settlement between the KMT and the Communists, but failed. In the face of economic collapse Mao Zedong established a totalitarian regime in 1949, forcing the elected constitutional [[Republic of China]] government to [[Taiwan]].
Mao liquidated millions of opponents, acting against the International society in the [[Korean War]] (1950–53), and around 1960 broke bitterly with the Soviet Union over the control of the Communist world. Mao's regime imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. Mao bluntly said,
{{quotebox|“What can Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]] brag about? He only killed 460 [[Confucius|Confucian]] scholars, but we killed 46,000 intellectuals. There are people who accuse us of practicing dictatorship like Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and we admit to it all. It fits the reality. It is a pity that they did not give us enough credit, so we need to add to it.”<ref>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-3</ref>}}
====Anti-Landlordism campaign====
To seize real power, the CCP went on a nationwide anti-landlord campaign in rural areas and in cities, murdering landlords and their families, allegedly freeing the oppressed. Land owners were tried in public kangaroo courts in village squares where they were openly shamed and mocked, accused of committing crimes against the people. The land, however was transferred to state ownership and not to the people, and Stalinist collectivization imposed based upon the model implemented in the [[Ukraine]] in the 1930s (see [[Holodomor]]).
These anti-landlord campaigns and murder which [[the left]] deems "liberating the people", actually began in the communist occupied territory of Yan'an during World War II, where the communists were hiding out from the Kuomintang and the Japanese even before the party captured the Chinese state in 1949. Landlords were forced into a [[rectification]] process, making false confessions and apologies, after which they were murdered for the offenses they "confessed" to.<ref>The CCP murderers were he alleged "agrarian reformers" the ''New York Times'' and [[Secretary of State]] [[George Marshall]] spoke of.</ref>
====Great Leap Forward====
:{{see also|Great Leap Forward|Green Leap Forward}}
as an introduction to the pamphlet: K. Marx, Enthüllungen über den Kommunisten Prozess zu Köln,
In the early 1950s, China chose to model its socialist economy after that of the Soviet Union. The Soviet model called for capital-intensive development of heavy industry, with the capital to be generated from the agricultural sector of the economy. The state would purchase grain from the farmers at low prices and sell it, both at home and on the export market, at high prices. In practice, agricultural production did not increase fast enough to generate the amount of capital required to build up China's industry according to plan. Mao Zedong (1893-1976) decided that the answer was to reorganize Chinese agriculture by pushing through a program of cooperativization (or collectivization) that would bring China's small farmers, their small plots of land, and their limited draught animals, tools, and machinery together into larger and, presumably, more efficient cooperatives.<ref>http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/mao_zedong_agricultural_cooperation.pdf</ref> The Great Leap Forward was a program to nationalize industry and agriculture.
[[Image:FrankCoegroup.jpg|thumb|left|300px
|CCP Chairman Mao Zedong (third left) with [[Israel Epstein]] (first left), [[Anna Louise Strong]] (center), [[Frank Coe]] (second right), and [[Solomon Adler]] (first right). ]]
Mao promoted a policy of disposing of "rightist" opponents and sharing the wealth in state-run cooperatives. Since steel was the matter guns and tanks were made of, Mao declared the party's priority to overtake the United States and [[Great Britain]] in steel and agricultural output in 15 years. Two [[liberal]] [[New Deal]] economists, [[Frank Coe]] and [[Solomon Adler]], were recruited as advisers.<ref name=aems>{{cite news |first=Matthew D.|last=Johnson|authorlink= |title=The Revolutionary, A film by Irv Drasnin, Lucy Ostrander and Don Sellers|url=http://www.aems.illinois.edu/publications/filmreviews/revolutionary.html|quote=Matthew D. Johnson is Assistant Professor of East Asian History at Grinnell College. His research and teaching cover modern China and East Asia, political communications and propaganda, and United States-China relations. "The Revolutionary offers a window onto a unique individual and a unique perspective on the Mao-led Communist Party, particularly during the latter’s Cultural Revolution phase. The second is that it insinuates that Maoist China was closed to Americans during the Cold War. Writers Edgar Snow and Anna Louise Strong, both of whom visited and, in Strong’s case, lived in China after 1949 also enjoyed access to China’s top leaders and played important roles as bridges between the Communist Party and U.S. As did [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and Robert F. Williams – African-American intellectuals and leaders whose roles in transnational U.S.-China relations has been overlooked by historians on both sides. Members of the CPUSA visited China during the early 1950s and again during the Cultural Revolution, and a handful of journalists also arrived there on the eve of Great Leap Forward. Other U.S. foreign experts employed by the PRC included former Treasury officials Frank Coe and Solomon Adler."|publisher=Asian Educational Media Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|date=October 21, 2013|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>Becker, Jasper, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Macmillan (1998), ISBN 0-8050-5668-8, ISBN 978-0-8050-5668-6, pp. 290-299</ref><ref>Epoch Times Staff, ''Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party'', The Epoch Group, Broad Book USA (2005), ISBN 1-932674-16-0, ISBN 978-1-932674-16-3, p. 47</ref>
The program included the establishment of large agricultural communes containing as many as 75,000 people. Peasants were forced to produce steel in open furnaces at the expense of food production. 60% of the steel produced was substandard and useless. Corruption was rampant, with local party officials reporting inflated steel and agricultural output numbers to please their central party bosses. [[Famine]] set in; people resorted to eating tree bark and dirt, and in some areas to [[cannibalism]]. Farmers who failed to meet grain quotas, tried to get more food, or attempted to escape were tortured and killed along with their family members via beating, public mutilation, being buried alive, scalding with boiling water, and other methods.<ref>https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/great-leap-forward.asp</ref>
45 million people died in the [[social experiment]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/01/china-great-famine-book-tombstone</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC</ref> According to the [[Japanese]] [[Wikipedia]], "It is the socialist policy with the highest number of casualties in the world."<ref>https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BA%8D%E9%80%B2%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96</ref> In 2009 Prof. Chen Lin of the Beijing Foreign Studies University said of Solomon Adler,
The text is from From MECW Volume 7, p. 3.
{{quotebox|"Sol Adler, as well as two other friends of China, [[Jack Service]] and Frank Coe, confronted [[McCarthyism|the Joseph McCarthy persecution]]. So Sol left the US to stay in the [[UK]]. During this period, he visited China many times and in various ways introduced [[New China]] to the outside world. His book ''The Chinese Economy'' in 1957 won worldwide acclaim. In 1962, when the Chinese people were facing great difficulties at home and abroad, Sol Adler resolutely decided to come and settle in China.
He said, "I have come to settle in China for three reasons: First, I have all along had great trust and confidence in the Chinese people and their leaders; second, I have all along had unshakable faith in the cause of [[socialism]]; and third, I hope to stay in China for as long as possible and work for world peace and the friendship between the Chinese people and the peoples of the world. I want to devote my whole life to the cause of socialism.".<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-09/05/content_8658159.htm China Daily, Sol Adler, a soulful friend (China Daily) Updated: 2009-09-05 07:39 ]</ref>}}
Chinese [[historical revisionism]] now refers to The Great Leap Forward as The Three Years of Disasters. Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping claimed the death toll to be only 16 million, one-third the actual number of victims.<ref>''Mao: The Real Story'', by Alexander P. Pantsov with Steven I. Levine, pg. 472.</ref> The Great Leap Forward remains the greatest prime example of the failure of socialist [[economic planning]]
[[Image:Cultrev.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A Cultural Revolution poster.]]
====Cultural Revolution====
The [[Cultural Revolution]] was a disastrous attempt to reform the economics, education and politics of Communist China, which led to the deaths of tens of millions of people. The upheaval began in August 1966 by Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong.
Mao's objective was to replace leaders with people who would think like him and be supportive of him as Chairmen, make the Chinese Communist Party function the way he wanted, give the Chinese youth a revolutionary experience, and make changes so that education, health care, and cultural systems would be for the entirety of China and not just for the elite. In order to do this, he began to establish a cult towards himself. His party would be forced to support him as he had little patience for opponents during what he believe to be the pinnacle point of China's future as a communist state. He quickly began a system of purges to cleanse of any unwanted opposition toward him or to the gang of four, especially after he was embarrassed with the part rejecting his great leap forward policies<ref>http://asianhistory.about.com/od/modernchina/f/What-Was-The-Cultural-Revolution.htm</ref>
for their upkeep.
Mao Zedong wanted the Cultural Revolution to affect everyone in China. Ordinary people perceived to be members of the "Five Black Categories" were targeted as well as their children. The Five Black Categories were Landlords, so-called "Rich farmers", anti-communists or counter-revolutionaries, "Bad-influencers" or "bad elements", and Rightists. The ''Black Book of Communism'' reports,
{{quotebox-float|The Cultural Revolution's effects, past and present, on the world's imagination and memory stem not only from the extreme [[radicalism]] of its discourse and actions but also from its visibility; largely an urban phenomenon, it occurred in the age of [[television]], for which it presented superb images of deftly organized political ceremonies filled with a touching fervor.<ref>''Black Book of Communism'', Pg. 513.</ref>}}
[[File:Maoist Anita Dunn.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Obama]] [[White House]] Communications Director and [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign]] manager [[Anita Dunn]] was a great admirer of Chairman Mao and was deeply inspired by [[Maoist Thought]].<ref>https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/04/back-to-the-future-biden-hires-anita-dunn-former-obama-adviser-who-praised-mao/</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qDsrfy-Zvg Video of Obama Communications Director Claiming Mao One of Her Favorite Political Philosophers'] Video, YouTube. Retrieved October 29, 2009.</ref>]]
In August 1966 all schools were closed. During this time Mao told the Red Guards to question things that traditionally had great value and importance, and question the activities of government officials by slighting them in a way that was visible to all. The party itself was also purged:
{{quotebox-float|The "investigations" inside the government administration, carried out by policemen dressed as Red Guards, were massive and sometimes murderous: there were 1,200 executions in the purge of the Ministry for Security; 22,000 people were interrogated and many imprisoned during the investigation into Liu Shaoqi; 60 percent of the members of the Central Committee (which hardly ever met) and 75 percent of all provincial Party secretaries were expelled and usually also arrested. In all, for the whole period of the Cultural Revolution, between 3 million and 4 million of the 18 million cadres were imprisoned, as were 400,000 soldiers, despite the banning of Red Guards in the PLA. 197 Among the intellectuals, 142,000 teachers, 53,000 scientists and technicians, 500 teachers of medicine, and 2,600 artists and writers were persecuted, and many of them were killed or committed [[suicide]]. In [[Shanghai]], where intellectuals were especially numerous, it was officially estimated in 1978 that 10,000 people had died violent deaths as a result of the Cultural Revolution.<ref>''Black Book of Communism'', Pg, 524.</ref>}}
According to Prof. R. J. Rummel of the University of Hawaii, 7,731,000 people died in the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rummel|first=R. J.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iIEPoEL4lG0C&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=7,731,000+cultural+revolution#v=onepage&q=7,731,000%20cultural%20revolution&f=false|title=China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|date=2011-12-31|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-1400-3|language=en}}</ref> Others place estimates as high as 20 million. Incidents of [[cannibalism]] were also reported. Massacres were mainly led by the local Communist Party branches, governmental agencies, the militia, and military.
It was no coincidence that the Red Guard violence began in 1966, seventeen years after the 1949 revolution; the first act after the 1949 revolution was take control of the [[public education]] system and indoctrinate a generation with [[Cultural Marxism]] and to target anyone who opposed them as fascists. The Maoist Red Guard were a supposed "[[Antifa|Anti-fascist]]" movement.
the state as a tax.
===Deng and successors===
====Tiananmen Square massacre====
:{{See also|Tiananmen Square massacre}}
In the months prior to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], pro-democracy movements worldwide flourished and socialism fell into disrepute. The CCP faced the challenge of large-scale protests in Beijing's [[Tiananmen Square]] and in more than 400 other cities between April 15, 1989, and June 4, 1989.
[[File:Tiananmen June 4 1989.gif|left|350px|thumb|APCs moving on students in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]
After [[Zhao Ziyang]] became the party General Secretary, the economic and political reforms he had championed came under increasing attack. His proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant [[inflation]] and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988-89.
The death of [[Hu Yaobang]] on April 15, 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation, provided the backdrop for a large-scale protest movement by students, intellectuals, government employees, [[journalist]]s, workers, [[police officer]]s, members of the armed forces, and other members of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens camped out in Beijing's Tiananmen Square to mourn Hu's death and to protest against those who would slow reform. Their protests, which grew despite government efforts to contain them, called for an end to official corruption and for defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Chinese constitution. At least one million residents of Beijing were taking part in the protests.<ref>https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/one-million-protesters-take-to-the-streets-in-beijing</ref> Protests also spread to many other cities, including [[Shanghai]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Guangzhou]]. By late May, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and beginning to face health and hygiene problems.
Disagreements about how to respond split the top Party leadership and forced out the Party General Secretary at the time, Zhao Ziyang. The decisions by Wang Zhen, Li Peng, and Paramount Leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] led them to conclude that the survival of their regime was at stake. Martial law was declared on May 20, 1989 and at least 30 divisions were mobilized. As many as 250,000 troops were eventually sent to the capital.
[[File:Tiananmen victims crushed by tank treads.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Human remains crushed by PLA armoured personnel carriers in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]
the interests of the conservative bourgeoisie to the Government.
The 27th Army of Shanxi Province, whose troops were described as 60 percent illiterate and primitives, were responsible for most of the atrocities at Tiananmen Square.<ref>https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc18.pdf</ref> The 27th Army “snipers shot many civilians on balconies, street sweepers etc for target practice” and used expanding dum-dum bullets. The 27th Army was chosen because its troops were considered “the most reliable and obedient”.
Late on June 3, 1989 and early on the morning of June 4, PLA units were brought into Beijing using automatic weapons, advancing in tanks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and trucks from several directions toward Tiananmen Square. They used armed force to clear demonstrators from the streets.
At 4:30 am protesters, joined by some PLA members, were given one hour to leave the Square, however five minutes later the 27th Army's armoured personnel carriers opened fire before running the crowd over at 65 kph [40 miles per hour]. “Students linked arms but were mown down. APCs then ran over the bodies time and time again to make, quote ‘pie’ unquote. Their remains were collected by bulldozer later that morning, incinerated, and then hosed down drains.
The 27th Army was ordered to spare no one. Wounded girl students begged for their lives but were bayoneted. A three-year-old girl was injured, but her mother was shot as she went to her aid, as were six others.
1,000 survivors were told they could escape but were then mown down from specially prepared machine gun positions.
Army ambulances, who attempted to give aid, were shot up, as was a Sino-Japanese hospital ambulance. With the medical crew dead, the wounded driver attempted to ram attackers but was blown to pieces by an anti-tank weapon.
In another incident, the troops shot one of their own officers. “27 Army officer shot dead by own troops, apparently because he faltered. Troops explained they would be shot if they hadn’t shot the officer.”
The true scale of the murders went unreported in Western media for nearly 30 years,<ref>https://archive.is/6nzNI#selection-2459.16-2479.159</ref> as globalists negotiated trade agreements and welcomed the [[PRC]] into the World Trade Organization. Western sources, including [[Wikipedia]], toe the Chinese Communist Party line on many events and details, including casualty statistics.
In an object lesson about the duplicity of socialist slogans, buzzwords, and phrases geared toward seducing the youth and the naive - China's People's Army killed 10,000 of China's own people.<ref>"[https://dailycaller.com/2017/12/24/chinese-killed-at-least-10000-at-tiananmen-square-newly-declassified-documents-claim/ Chinese Killed At Least 10,000 At Tiananmen Square, Newly Declassified Documents Claim]", ''Daily Caller'', 12/24/2017.</ref> In fact, China's People's Army has killed more of China's own people than any foreign enemy in its entire history.
After June 4, while foreign governments expressed horror at the brutal suppression of the demonstrators, the central government eliminated remaining sources of organized opposition, detained large numbers of protesters, and required political reeducation not only for students but also for large numbers of party cadre and government officials.
====Most favored nation status====
In the 1990s the issue of Most Favored Nation trade status for China was pushed by the CCP, globalists and agribusiness interests, but strongly opposed by religious and human rights groups. [[Bill Clinton]]'s policy, which began with a 1993 executive order to make MFN status conditional on Chinese human rights and political reforms, changed as [[lobbyist]]s pushed a trade relationship with the CCP and forced the issue to be separated from the CCP's human rights abuses.
As the [[Chinagate]] scandal progressed, Bill Clinton adjusted his China policy in 1996 and advocated dialogue and engagement; this led to a change in relations. But Washington continued to criticize China on the issues of [[Hong Kong]], human rights, trade, arms sales, [[Taiwan]], and questionable political donations to US election campaigns. Clinton welcomed General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and [[Butcher of Tiannanen Square]] [[Jiang Zemin]]'s to the White House. The major factors affecting the relationship include: the enduring impact of the 1989 Tiananmen massacre when the Communist Party crushed a peaceful democratic movement with the army; the negative coverage of the CCP's human rights abuses by American media, American psychological insecurity caused by the rise of Communist China, and US domestic politics grappling with a thirst for cheap Chinese manufactured goods while American factories shut down and jobs loss to China.
[[File:Concrete-in-china-info.png|left|220px|thumb|In the 3 years from 2011 to 2014, China used more cement than the US did in the entire 20th century.]]
China's "economic miracle" since it was granted Most Favored Nation status by the U.S. Congress in 2002, and access to the U.S. consumer market, led to unprecedented economic growth and better living conditions for millions of Chinese. It also strengthened the grip of the anti-democratic Chinese Communist Party over people's everyday lives, and the loss of manufacturing jobs for consumer products in the United States.
As China grew in power, it also became increasingly aggressive on the international stage.<ref>Scaliger, Charles (February 19, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/31388-china-s-new-aggression-on-the-world-stage China’s New Aggression on the World Stage]. ''The New American''. Retrieved February 19, 2019.<br>See also:
*Blanchard, Ben (September 24, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-anniversary-timeline/timeline-seven-decades-of-communist-china-idUSKBN1WA03Z Timeline: Seven decades of Communist China]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
United States.
*Newman, Alex (September 25, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/is-trump-really-to-blame-for-chinas-rise-at-the-un-as-media-claim_3094695.html China’s Subversion of the United Nations]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved September 26, 2019.</ref> The CCP increased control over the country and economy,<ref>Multiple references:
The first address was delivered on July 23rd, 1870, five days after the beginning of the FrancoPrussian War. The second address, delivered on September 9, 1870, gave a historical overview of the
*Byas, Steve (March 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/31676-chinese-communists-tighten-grip-as-70th-anniversary-nears Chinese Communists Tighten Grip as 70th Anniversary Nears]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
*Li, Olivia (March 6, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/china-cracks-down-on-private-enterprises_2825959.html China Cracks Down on Private Enterprises]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
See also:
*Blanchard, Ben (March 7, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-politics/in-sensitive-year-for-china-warnings-against-erroneous-thoughts-idUSKCN1QO0X0 In sensitive year for China, warnings against 'erroneous thoughts']. ''Reuters''. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
*Timm, Leo; Hao, Nicole (December 24, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/year-in-review-for-communist-china-the-worst-is-yet-to-come_3180253.html Year in Review: For Communist China, the Worst Is yet to Come]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
*Adelmann, Bob (December 30, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/34476-china-facing-massive-headwinds-in-2020 China Facing Massive Headwinds in 2020]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</ref> and foreign companies worked to appease the Chinese government.<ref>Lowe, Tiana (August 15, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/woke-capitalism-cowers-to-china Woke capitalism cowers to China]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved August 26, 2019.<br>See also:
*Kraychik, Robert (October 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2019/10/14/rob-spalding-china-silenced-its-critics-buying-off-americas-elites/ Rob Spalding: China Silenced Its Critics by Buying Off America’s Elites]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
*Virgil (October 20, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/10/20/virgil-five-takeaways-from-capitalisms-kowtow-to-china/ Virgil: Five Takeaways from Capitalism’s Kowtow to China]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 21, 2019.</ref> China uses about half of the world's steel and cement/concrete. In the 3 years from 2011 to 2014, China used 6.6 gigatons of cement, which is more than the US did in the entire 20th century.<ref>https://www.gatesnotes.com/About-Bill-Gates/Concrete-in-China</ref> China also worked to isolate Taiwan diplomatically.<ref>Schmitt, Gary (September 26, 2019). [https://thehill.com/opinion/international/463290-china-is-quietly-winning-the-diplomatic-war-with-taiwan China is quietly winning the diplomatic war with Taiwan]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved September 26, 2019.</ref> China became the dominant trading partner of a large majority of the world's countries, overtaking the U.S.<ref>[https://twitter.com/MhaskarChief/status/1198862204876931072 Zeeshan Mhaskar]. ''Twitter''. November 24, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.<br>See also:
The Address is included here because it can be regarded as an amendment to the Manifesto,
*Akan, Emel (January 6, 2020). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/chinas-rise-had-a-negative-impact-on-global-innovation-say-experts_3195603.html China’s Rise Has Had Negative Impact on Global Innovation, Experts Say]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved January 6, 2020.</ref> Under [[Xi Jinping]], China regressed back to [[Mao]]'s [[totalitarianism]].<ref>Adelmann, Bob (December 30, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/34470-china-s-xi-jinping-is-now-the-people-s-leader China’s Xi Jinping Is Now the “People’s Leader”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</ref>
By 2017, the imposition of [[tariff]]s by U.S. President [[Donald J. Trump]] began to redress the imbalance. China's economy was developed over those early decades of the 21st century as a coastal, manufacturing economy entirely dependent on exports. Young people left their home villages in the countryside to seek work in coastal factories. The prosperity was all built on access to the U.S. consumer market, and Americans' appetite for cheap manufactured goods. Scant attention was paid to developing a domestic service sector economy, while the vast interior remained impoverished, and increasingly so as young people abandoned rural agricultural work for urban factory work.
[[Tariff]]s on Chinese imports stemmed the [[capital]] outflow from the U.S. to China, sparked creation of manufacturing and service sector jobs in the U.S., and slowed the Chinese [[military]] build-up which previously was being funded by American [[consumer]]s.<ref>[https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2018/06/trade_deficits_paying_for_china_military_buildup.html]</ref>
====SARS-CoVid-1====
:{{See also|SARS-CoVid-1}}
Supposedly the 2003 SARS epidemic struck suddenly and there was no time to prepare. In reality, the first cases happened in Guangdong province in late November 2002. Chinese officials didn't inform the World Health Organization about SARS until February 2003. When it started to spread to other regions of China, the CCP covered that up. Eventually SARS was reported to have killed just under eight hundred people in China, but in reality there may have been several thousand more.
Dr. Jiang Yanyong in April 2003 wrote a letter exposing the true number of SARS patients in Beijing, which was several times higher than the official number. His letter was publicized by Western media. The party was forced to respond. They fired several Beijing officials and
put Dr. Jiang under [[surveillance]]. The Communist Party has never admitted there was a SARS cover-up. But afterwards, the Chinese Communist Party did create what was supposed to be a fail-safe system to track contagions. It failed.
The system put in place focused on having doctors across China put patient data into a centralized database. This way central authorities could monitor if there are any new outbreaks. It suppose to work in theory. In July 2019, eight thousand Chinese health officials conducted a massive online drill focusing on how to handle an infectious disease outbreak. In the style of the 2002 SARS outbreak, the officials raced to test how quickly and effectively they could track, identify, and contain the virus, including by notifying Beijing. It worked in the simulation. But in Th December 2019 Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 outbreak it did not work in reality because the Chinese Communist Party's political apparatus makes it impossible for even the best design system to function properly.
===Xi era===
and provincial constitutions. The gigantic broom of the French Revolution of the 18th century
====Belt and Road Initiative====
:{{Main article|Belt and Road Initiative}}
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a massive global investment strategy launched by the CCP in 2013 aimed at bolstering its economic and political influence across [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[South America]]. The project involves investments in infrastructure and natural resource projects in countries. Chinese officials are quite open that the BRI is aimed at creating a Eurasia wide Chinese led bloc to counter the United States. It has been criticized by the U.S. and other countries as an example of “debt trap” diplomacy, that saddles developing countries with unsustainable debt burdens while allowing the regime to expand governance abroad.
the offspring of the coalition wars of old semi-feudal Europe against modern France.
China has been looking to construct a 120 kilometer mega canal cutting through the Isthmus of Kra, the narrowest part of the Malay Peninsula in [[Thailand]]. This will open the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Indian Ocean]], bypassing the Strait of Malacca. What China is eyeing is a canal project in Thailand called the Kra Canal and the Thai leadership seems to be on board. Through this canal China is trying to reduce dependence on the Strait of Malacca. Currently 80 percent of China's oil imports passed through the South China Sea.
The Strait of Malacca is a key reason why China has not been able to grow too powerful. Democratic and powers such as India, Australia, and
other Southeast Asian nations are well-positioned to cut off Chinese supply lines in the event of a major military confrontation by creating a
blockade around the Strait of Malacca. China wants to ensure that its commercial and naval vessels find an alternate route that altogether avoids the Malacca choke point while travelling between the Indian and [[Pacific Ocean]]s. This is an overhang of the maritime portion of Xi Jinping's Belt and Road initiative that seeks to connect Southeast Asia with the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]].
====Bohai Harvest RST====
[[File:Bohai Harvest Rosemont.jpeg|right|350px|THUMB]]
:{{See also|Biden family corruption timeline}}
Bohai Harvest RST (BHR) was created and funded by two Chinese investment funds, owned by the Bank of China (Bohai Capital and Harvest Global). As described in their marketing presentation: “BHR is held in high regard by Chinese government bodies and SOEs [state owned enterprises] at all levels.” BHR's founding shareholders were: Rosemont Seneca Thornton LLC, Bohai Capital, Angju Investment Consulting (Shanghai) Co Ltd (昂驹投资咨询（上海）有限公司) Angju Investment owned by Li Xiangsheng (李祥生 also known as Jonathan Li), and Shanghai Ample Harvest Financial Services Co Ltd (上海丰实金融服务有限公司). The third and fourth Chinese characters in BHR's Chinese name represent China (华) and America (美) respectively, indicating that the business is likely viewed by the Chinese SOE shareholders (and the Chinese government) as a country-level business partnership.<ref>https://www.baldingsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/KVBJHB.pdf</ref>
Bohai Capital is the private equity arm of Bank of China International Holdings Ltd (中銀國際控股有限公司) (BOCI) and China's first-ever RMB-denominated private equity fund approved by the State Council. BOCI is wholly-owned by Bank of China Limited (中国银行股份有限公司 ) (BOC), one of China's big-four state banks, with state-level foreign exchange responsibilities. BOC was formerly part-owned by the Social Security Fund (SSF), and is now controlled by Central Huijin Investment (中央汇金投资有限责任公司), a Chinese government investment fund.
Rosemont Seneca Thornton (RST) was formed from a joint venture between Rosemont Seneca Partners and Thornton, an investment advisory firm headed by James Bulger, of the famous Boston family (son of William “Billy Bulger, the longest serving President of the Massachusetts Senate and the nephew of [[Whitey Bulger|James “Whitey” Bulger]], the infamous mobster who ran the Winter Hill Gang). Rosemont Seneca was formed in 2009 as a private equity and advisory firm that was co-founded by [[Hunter Biden]] and Christopher Heinz, of the Heinz ketchup fortune and step-son to long time Democratic senator and later Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], along with their friend [[Devon Archer]], Chris Heinz's college roommate at [[Yale]]. The original anchor investor in Rosemont Seneca (which at one point claimed $2.4bn in assets under management) was Rosemont Capital, a Heinz family office alternative investment fund, named after Rosemont – the Heinz family estate outside [[Pittsburgh]]. During the most vibrant years of this partnership's international investment and “consulting” activity, it is important to note that [[Joe Biden]] was [[Vice President]] and John Kerry was [[Secretary of State]]. It was not coincidental that Rosemont Seneca's headquarters was in [[Washington, D.C.]] as opposed to [[New York]] where most of its competitors maintained their offices given the investment professional labor pool in and around [[Wall Street]].
Bohai Harvest RST (Shanghai) Equity Investment Fund Management Co., Ltd. (BHR) was not a legitimate investment company in the classical sense, set up to make financial return on investment through legal means. The firm was set up as a tool for the CCPs global economic imperial ambitions, using the Biden name, and others in their orbit, to market Chinese mercantile domination.<ref>https://creativedestructionmedia.com/investigations/2020/10/31/joe-co-didnt-just-sell-out-america-they-sold-out-the-whole-free-world/</ref>
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In their uninterrupted crusade against the producing masses, they were, however, bound not only
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==References==
{{reflist|2}}
In reality, it was the only form of government possible at a time when the bourgeoisie had already
of the masses was set off by a shameless display of gorgeous, meretricious and debased luxury.
the February [1848] Revolution was ushered in by the Paris proletariat, did but express a vague
of the French working class, had risen in arms against the attempt of Thiers and the Rurals to
of the standing army, and the substitution for it of the armed people.
The Commune was formed of the municipal councillors, chosen by universal suffrage in the
to all, but science itself freed from the fetters which class prejudice and governmental force had
The Paris Commune was, of course, to serve as a model to all the great industrial centres of
of older, and even defunct, forms of social life, to which they may bear a certain likeness. Thus,
The Communal Constitution would have restored to the social body all the forces hitherto
the many the wealth of the few. It aimed at the expropriation of the expropriators. It wanted to
The working class did not expect miracles from the Commune. They have no ready-made utopias
in convulsions of rage at the sight of the Red Flag, the symbol of the Republic of Labor, floating
* Professor Huxley. [Note to the German addition of 1871.]
==External links==
*[http://ninecommentaries.com/ Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party], an historical critique of the CCP from the Editorial Board of ''The Epoch Times'', (2005)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6733045.stm 'Slaves' rescued from China firm], By Michael Bristow ''BBC News'', Beijing, Jun 8, 2007.
*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1346.html The Emergence of Peer Competitors], Rand Corporation, 2001. "This report addresses the issue by developing a conceptual framework of how a proto-peer (meaning a state that is not yet a peer but has the potential to become one) might interact with the hegemon (the dominant global power)." Review the failed "CONSTRAIN STRATEGY" modeled from the [[British Empire]] after 1890 tucking itself under the wing of a growing hegemon, the United States, in hopes of developing an ally for the future.
*[https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/09/17/if-china-loses-a-future-war-entropy-could-be-imminent/ If China loses a future war, entropy could be imminent], Dr. Jan Kallberg, ''DefenseNews'', September 17, 2020.
*[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6779094-PRC-Think-Tank-Study-on-US-Governors-Attitudes.html PRC Think Tank Study on US Governors Attitudes Toward China June 22 2019]
*[https://youtu.be/bVDi-Tt7Z68 CCP underground factories falsified blank American election ballots.]
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could but betoken the tendency of a government of the people by the people. Such were the