Changes

The U.S. House voted in late July 1953 to approve of creating the special committee.<ref name=rollcallvote>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1953/h61 H RES 217. RESOLUTION CREATING A SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO CON- DUCT A FULL AND COMPLETE INVESTIGATION AND STUDY OF EDUCA- TIONAL AND PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS WHICH ARE EXEMPT FROM FED. INCOME TAXATION.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref> The majority of Republicans supported it, while less than half of Democrats did. The forty-nine GOP congressmen who voted against it, largely [[Moderate Republican]]s, included future U.S. president [[Gerald Ford]] (R–MI), future moderate/liberal U.S. senators [[Hugh D. Scott]] (R–PA) and [[Jacob Javits]] (R–NY), as well as [[Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr.]] (R–NJ), a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>[https://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10001-0047.html Saltonstall-Davis-Frelinghuysen-Appleton family of Massachusetts]. ''The Political Graveyard''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref>

The U.S. House voted in late July 1953 to approve of creating the special committee.<ref name=rollcallvote>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1953/h61 H RES 217. RESOLUTION CREATING A SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO CON- DUCT A FULL AND COMPLETE INVESTIGATION AND STUDY OF EDUCA- TIONAL AND PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS WHICH ARE EXEMPT FROM FED. INCOME TAXATION.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref> The majority of Republicans supported it, while less than half of Democrats did. The forty-nine GOP congressmen who voted against it, largely [[Moderate Republican]]s, included future U.S. president [[Gerald Ford]] (R–MI), future moderate/liberal U.S. senators [[Hugh D. Scott]] (R–PA) and [[Jacob Javits]] (R–NY), as well as [[Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr.]] (R–NJ), a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>[https://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10001-0047.html Saltonstall-Davis-Frelinghuysen-Appleton family of Massachusetts]. ''The Political Graveyard''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref>

Crucial in the committee's research was Norman Paul Dodd (1899–1987),<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39597746/norman-paul-dodd Norman Paul Dodd]. ''Find a Grave''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> the chief investigator, in addition to attorney Katherine Casey, who sought information from the Carnegie Library.<ref name=northwestconnection>Crino, Art (August 29, 2017). [https://nw-connection.com/foundations-and-the-reece-committee/ Foundations and the Reece Committee]. ''The Northwest Connection''. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</ref> Dodd was interviewed years later, where he went into full details on the committee's investigation and events that occurred.<ref name=interview>Gallagher, Kevin (June 12, 2008). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUYCBfmIcHM Norman Dodd On Tax Exempt Foundations]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> During his early career, Dodd was at one point hired by [[J. P. Morgan]], from whom he resigned after learning of Morgan's background.<ref name=northwestconnection/>

Crucial in the committee's research was [[Norman Dodd]] (1899–1987),<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39597746/norman-paul-dodd Norman Paul Dodd]. ''Find a Grave''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> the chief investigator, in addition to attorney Katherine Casey, who sought information from the Carnegie Library.<ref name=northwestconnection>Crino, Art (August 29, 2017). [https://nw-connection.com/foundations-and-the-reece-committee/ Foundations and the Reece Committee]. ''The Northwest Connection''. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</ref> Dodd was interviewed years later, where he went into full details on the committee's investigation and events that occurred.<ref name=interview>Gallagher, Kevin (June 12, 2008). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUYCBfmIcHM Norman Dodd On Tax Exempt Foundations]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> During his early career, Dodd was at one point hired by [[J. P. Morgan]], from whom he resigned after learning of Morgan's background.<ref name=northwestconnection/>

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==Investigation==

==Investigation==

When the investigation began, the committee faced the necessity to define the term "[[un-American]]." According to chief investigator Dodd:<ref name=interview/>

{{cquote|...in that report, I specifically, number one, defined, to us, what was meant by the phrase un-American. And we defined that in our way as being a determination to affect changes in the country by unconstitutional means. We have plenty of constitutional procedures assuming that we wish to affect a change in the form of government or that sort of thing. And therefore any effort in that direction which did not reveal itself of the procedures which were authorized by the Constitution could be justifiably called un-American.}}

When the investigation began, the committee faced the necessity to define the term "[[un-American]]." According to the chief investigator:<ref name=interview/>

{{cquote|...in that report, I specifically, number one, defined, to us, what was meant by the phrase un-American. And we defined that in our way as being a determination to affect changes in the country by unconstitutional means. We have plenty of constitutional procedures assuming that we wish to affect a change in the form of government or that sort of thing. And therefore any effort in that direction which did not reveal itself of the procedures which were authorized by the Constitution could be justifiably called un-American.|||Norman Dodd}}

The Carnegie Foundation and Ford Foundation were the main targets of the committee's investigation.

The Carnegie Foundation and Ford Foundation were the main targets of the committee's investigation.

===[[Ford Foundation]]===

===[[Ford Foundation]]===

According to Dodd, he was called to meet Ford Foundation administrator Horace Rowan Gaither, Jr., known as Rowan Gaither.<ref name=interview/> Gaither stated:<ref name=northwestconnection/>

According to Dodd, he was called to meet Ford Foundation administrator Horace Rowan Gaither, Jr., known as Rowan Gaither.<ref name=interview/> The latter stated:<ref name=northwestconnection/>

{{cquote|Mr. Dodd, all of us that have a hand in the making of policies here have experiences either with the OSS during the war or the European Economic Administration after the war. We’ve had experience under the directives and these directives emanate and did emanate from the White House. We still operate under such directives.

{{cquote|Mr. Dodd, all of us that have a hand in the making of policies here have experiences either with the OSS during the war or the European Economic Administration after the war. We’ve had experience under the directives and these directives emanate and did emanate from the White House. We still operate under such directives.

Mr. Dodd, we are here operating in response to similar directives the substance of which, that, we shall use our grant-making power, so to alter life in the United States, that it can be comfortably merged with the [[Soviet Union]].}}

Mr. Dodd, we are here operating in response to similar directives the substance of which, that, we shall use our grant-making power, so to alter life in the United States, that it can be comfortably merged with the [[Soviet Union]].|||Rowan Gaither}}

Dodd questioned why Gaither and the foundation withheld such information from the American public, to which they were indebted due to their tax-exempt status. Gaither responded:<ref name=interview/>

Dodd questioned why Gaither and the foundation withheld such information from the American public, to which they were indebted due to their tax-exempt status. Gaither responded:<ref name=interview/>

{{cquote|We would not think of doing any such thing.}}

{{cquote|We would not think of doing any such thing.|||Rowan Gaither}}

Although not as widely known, the Ford Foundation, like the Rockefellers, also financed Kinsey.<ref name=rockefellerandfordfoundationsfundedkinsey/> The Kinsey Institute received a grant from the foundation for the purpose of funding "a media relations firm in planning a pro-active strategy to counter the on-going campaign to shut down the Kinsey Institute and discredit its character."<ref name=judithreismaninterview/>

Although not as widely known, the Ford Foundation, like the Rockefellers, also financed Kinsey.<ref name=rockefellerandfordfoundationsfundedkinsey/> The Kinsey Institute received a grant from the foundation for the purpose of funding "a media relations firm in planning a pro-active strategy to counter the on-going campaign to shut down the Kinsey Institute and discredit its character."<ref name=judithreismaninterview/>