Changes

The U.S. House voted in late July 1953 to approve of creating the special committee.<ref name=rollcallvote>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1953/h61 H RES 217. RESOLUTION CREATING A SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO CON- DUCT A FULL AND COMPLETE INVESTIGATION AND STUDY OF EDUCA- TIONAL AND PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS WHICH ARE EXEMPT FROM FED. INCOME TAXATION.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref> The majority of Republicans supported it, while less than half of Democrats did. The forty-nine GOP congressmen who voted against it, largely [[Moderate Republican]]s, included future U.S. president [[Gerald Ford]] (R–MI), future moderate/liberal U.S. senators [[Hugh D. Scott]] (R–PA) and [[Jacob Javits]] (R–NY), as well as [[Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr.]] (R–NJ), a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>[https://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10001-0047.html Saltonstall-Davis-Frelinghuysen-Appleton family of Massachusetts]. ''The Political Graveyard''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref>

The U.S. House voted in late July 1953 to approve of creating the special committee.<ref name=rollcallvote>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1953/h61 H RES 217. RESOLUTION CREATING A SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO CON- DUCT A FULL AND COMPLETE INVESTIGATION AND STUDY OF EDUCA- TIONAL AND PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS WHICH ARE EXEMPT FROM FED. INCOME TAXATION.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref> The majority of Republicans supported it, while less than half of Democrats did. The forty-nine GOP congressmen who voted against it, largely [[Moderate Republican]]s, included future U.S. president [[Gerald Ford]] (R–MI), future moderate/liberal U.S. senators [[Hugh D. Scott]] (R–PA) and [[Jacob Javits]] (R–NY), as well as [[Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr.]] (R–NJ), a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>[https://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10001-0047.html Saltonstall-Davis-Frelinghuysen-Appleton family of Massachusetts]. ''The Political Graveyard''. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</ref>

Crucial in the committee's research was Norman Paul Dodd (1899–1987),<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39597746/norman-paul-dodd Norman Paul Dodd]. ''Find a Grave''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> the chief investigator, in addition to attorney Katherine Casey, who sought information from the Carnegie Library.<ref name=northwestconnection>Crino, Art (August 29, 2017). [https://nw-connection.com/foundations-and-the-reece-committee/ Foundations and the Reece Committee]. ''The Northwest Connection''. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</ref> Dodd was interviewed years later, where he went into full details on the committee's investigation and events that occurred.<ref name=interview>Gallagher, Kevin (June 12, 2008). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUYCBfmIcHM Norman Dodd On Tax Exempt Foundations]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> During his early career, Dodd was at one point hired by [[J. P. Morgan]], from whom he resigned after learning of Morgan's background.<ref name=northwestconnection/>

Crucial in the committee's research was [[Norman Dodd]] (1899–1987),<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39597746/norman-paul-dodd Norman Paul Dodd]. ''Find a Grave''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> the chief investigator, in addition to attorney Katherine Casey, who sought information from the Carnegie Library.<ref name=northwestconnection>Crino, Art (August 29, 2017). [https://nw-connection.com/foundations-and-the-reece-committee/ Foundations and the Reece Committee]. ''The Northwest Connection''. Retrieved August 7, 2021.</ref> Dodd was interviewed years later, where he went into full details on the committee's investigation and events that occurred.<ref name=interview>Gallagher, Kevin (June 12, 2008). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUYCBfmIcHM Norman Dodd On Tax Exempt Foundations]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</ref> During his early career, Dodd was at one point hired by [[J. P. Morgan]], from whom he resigned after learning of Morgan's background.<ref name=northwestconnection/>

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==Investigation==

==Investigation==

When the investigation began, the committee faced the necessity to define the term "[[un-American]]." According to the chief investigator:<ref name=interview/>

When the investigation began, the committee faced the necessity to define the term "[[un-American]]." According to the chief investigator:<ref name=interview/>

{{cquote|...in that report, I specifically, number one, defined, to us, what was meant by the phrase un-American. And we defined that in our way as being a determination to affect changes in the country by unconstitutional means. We have plenty of constitutional procedures assuming that we wish to affect a change in the form of government or that sort of thing. And therefore any effort in that direction which did not reveal itself of the procedures which were authorized by the Constitution could be justifiably called un-American.|||Norman Dodd}}

{{cquote|...in that report, I specifically, number one, defined, to us, what was meant by the phrase un-American. And we defined that in our way as being a determination to affect changes in the country by unconstitutional means. We have plenty of constitutional procedures assuming that we wish to affect a change in the form of government or that sort of thing. And therefore any effort in that direction which did not reveal itself of the procedures which were authorized by the Constitution could be justifiably called un-American.|||Norman Dodd}}