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[[File:Robert A. taft painting.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The strongly conservative, isolationist [[Robert A. Taft]] spearheaded the political causes of the Old Right.]]

[[File:Robert A. taft painting.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The strongly conservative, isolationist [[Robert A. Taft]] spearheaded the political causes of the Old Right.]]

In the United States, the '''Old Right''' refers to a faction of American [[conservatives]] who both opposed [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] leftist programs and were also non-interventionists ([[isolationism|isolationists]]) opposing entry into [[World War II]]. The Old Right was mostly active during 1930s–1960s. Many were associated with the Republicans led by [[Robert Taft]], but some were Democrats. It was the ideological rival of the [[Old Left]].

In the United States, the '''Old Right''' refers to a faction of American [[conservatives]] who both opposed [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] [[left-wing]] programs and were also non-interventionists ([[isolationism|isolationists]]) opposing entry into [[World War II]]. The Old Right was mostly active during 1930s–50s. Many were associated with the Republicans led by [[Robert Taft]], though some were Democrats.

Notable people include President [[Calvin Coolidge]], President [[Herbert Hoover]], [[William Randolph Hearst]], Nebraska politicians [[Howard Buffett]], [[Kenneth Wherry]], and [[Hugh Butler]], [[Charles A. Halleck]] (R–IN). Writers among the faction included John T. Flynn, [[Albert Jay Nock]], Rose Wilder Lane, [[Garet Garrett]], and [[Walter Lippmann]].<ref name=theoldrightwasright>Richman, Sheldon L. (January 1, 1990). [https://mises.org/library/old-right-was-right The Old Right Was Right]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

Notable people include President [[Warren G. Harding]], President [[Calvin Coolidge]], and [[William Randolph Hearst]]. Writers among the faction included [[John T. Flynn]], [[Albert Jay Nock]], Rose Wilder Lane, and [[Garet Garrett]].<ref name=theoldrightwasright>Richman, Sheldon L. (January 1, 1990). [https://mises.org/library/old-right-was-right The Old Right Was Right]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

[[Indiana]] conservative Republican [[Charles A. Halleck]] once stated that Americans should:<ref name=charleshalleck>Crass, Scott (July 10, 2013). [https://themoderatevoice.com/ford-unseated-halleck-as-republican-whip-in-1965/ Ford Unseated Halleck As Republican Whip In 1965]. ''The Moderate Voice''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

[[Indiana]] conservative Republican [[Charles A. Halleck]] once stated that Americans should:<ref name=charleshalleck>Crass, Scott (July 10, 2013). [https://themoderatevoice.com/ford-unseated-halleck-as-republican-whip-in-1965/ Ford Unseated Halleck As Republican Whip In 1965]. ''The Moderate Voice''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

The Old Right is often associated with the [[Conservative Coalition]], though the two are not interchangeable. The latter was focused primarily on opposition towards domestic economic initiatives with no unity on [[foreign policy]], due to the rift on the issue between isolationism-favoring Republicans and internationalism-favoring Democrats.

The Old Right is often associated with the [[Conservative Coalition]], though the two are not interchangeable. The latter was focused primarily on opposition towards domestic economic initiatives with no unity on [[foreign policy]], due to the rift on the issue between isolationism-favoring Republicans and internationalism-favoring Democrats.

Although the Old Right as a group was not primarily focused on [[civil rights]], many of its leaders supported efforts to pass [[anti-lynching legislation]], among a number of bills aimed at ensuring equality for blacks. Sen. Robert Taft helped lead an effort in 1950 to pass a "voluntary FEPC" bill that emphasized ending racial discrimination the workplace without taking forceful government actions.<ref>Fascinating Politics (April 30, 2019). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/04/30/robert-tafts-conservative-proposal-for-civil-rights/ Robert Taft’s Conservative Proposal for Civil Rights]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

Although the Old Right as a group was not primarily focused on [[civil rights]], many of its Republican leaders supported efforts to pass [[anti-lynching legislation]], among a number of bills aimed at ensuring equality for blacks. Sen. Robert Taft helped lead an effort in 1950 to pass a "voluntary FEPC" bill that emphasized ending racial discrimination in the workplace without taking forceful government actions.<ref name=taftfepcbill>Fascinating Politics (April 30, 2019). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/04/30/robert-tafts-conservative-proposal-for-civil-rights/ Robert Taft’s Conservative Proposal for Civil Rights]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

==Ideology==

==Ideology==

{{cquote|The United States is the world’s best hope, but…if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence… Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance — this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.}}

{{cquote|The United States is the world’s best hope, but…if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence… Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance — this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.}}

During the 1920s, President [[Calvin Coolidge]] spearheaded the causes promoted by the Old Right, rejecting [[progressivism]] and advocating fiscal restraint.<ref>Postell, Joseph (February 20, 2013). [https://www.heritage.org/political-process/report/calvin-coolidge-forefather-our-conservatism Calvin Coolidge: Forefather of Our Conservatism]. ''Heritage Foundation''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> His reduction of tax rates promoted economic growth, and a particular achievement during his presidency was slashing the [[national debt]].<ref>Shlaes, Amity; Thomas, Rushad (January 30, 2015). [https://coolidgefoundation.org/news/coolidges-fiscal-triumph/ Coolidge’s Fiscal Triumph]. ''Coolidge Foundation''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

During the 1920s, President [[Calvin Coolidge]] spearheaded the causes promoted by the Old Right, rejecting [[progressivism]] and advocating fiscal restraint.<ref>Postell, Joseph (February 20, 2013). [https://www.heritage.org/political-process/report/calvin-coolidge-forefather-our-conservatism Calvin Coolidge: Forefather of Our Conservatism]. ''Heritage Foundation''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> His reduction of tax rates promoted economic growth, and a particular achievement during his presidency was slashing the [[national debt]].<ref>Shlaes, Amity; Thomas, Rushad (January 30, 2015). [https://coolidgefoundation.org/news/coolidges-fiscal-triumph/ Coolidge’s Fiscal Triumph]. ''Coolidge Foundation''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Coolidge and the Old Right also passed and supported the [[Immigration Act (1924)|Johnson-Reed Act]], which strongly cut immigration rates and barred immigration from Asia.

===1930s: opposition towards New Deal===

===1930s: opposition towards New Deal===

In the wake of the [[Great Depression]], the failures of President [[Herbert Hoover]] dragged the Republican Party into the minority party in Congress, and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was elected in the [[United States presidential election, 1932|1932 presidential election]] by a landslide.

In the wake of the [[Great Depression]], the failures of President [[Herbert Hoover]] dragged the Republican Party into the minority party in Congress, and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was elected in the [[United States presidential election, 1932|1932 presidential election]] by a landslide.

[[File:Bertrand Snell.png|thumb|left|170px|Portrait of Rep. Snell from the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/ggbain.23356/ B.H. Snell digital file from original neg.]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>]]

[[File:Bertrand Snell.png|thumb|left|195px|Portrait of Rep. Snell from the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/ggbain.23356/ B.H. Snell digital file from original neg.]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>]]

When Roosevelt took office, he quickly began establishing a series of federal programs known as the New Deal. The First New Deal programs received support from some congressional [[Republicans]] who emphasized relief for struggling Americans. This included House GOP leader [[Bertrand H. Snell]], who stated in his support of the 1933 [[Emergency Banking Act]]:<ref>Woods, Jr., Thomas E. (August 13, 2008). [https://mises.org/library/great-gold-robbery-1933 The Great Gold Robbery of 1933]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

When Roosevelt took office, he quickly began establishing a series of federal programs known as the New Deal. The First New Deal programs received support from some congressional [[Republicans]] who emphasized relief for struggling Americans. This included House GOP leader [[Bertrand H. Snell]], who stated in his support of the 1933 [[Emergency Banking Act]]:<ref>Woods, Jr., Thomas E. (August 13, 2008). [https://mises.org/library/great-gold-robbery-1933 The Great Gold Robbery of 1933]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

{{cquote|The house is burning down, and the President of the United States says this is the way to put out the fire. And to me at this time there is only one answer to this question, and that is to give the President what he demands and says is necessary to meet the situation.}}

{{cquote|The house is burning down, and the President of the United States says this is the way to put out the fire. And to me at this time there is only one answer to this question, and that is to give the President what he demands and says is necessary to meet the situation.}}

Other early New Deal programs which received some support from conservative Republicans included the [[Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/73-1/h7 TO PASS H.R. 3835 (P.L. 10) TO RELIEVE THE EXISTING NATIONAL ECONOMIC EMERGENCY BY INCREASING AGRICULTURAL PURCHASING POWER, TO RAISE REVENUE FOR EXTRAORDINARY EXPENSES INCURRED BY REASON OF SUCH EMERGENCY, TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY RELIEF WITH RESPECT TO AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ORDERLY LIQUIDATION OF JOINT-STOCK LAND, BANKS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> However, many quickly came to reject the increasing [[liberalism]], bureaucracy, and totalitarianism of the programs, and the opposition solidified during the era of the Second New Deal.

Other early New Deal programs which received some support from conservative Republicans included the [[Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/73-1/h7 TO PASS H.R. 3835 (P.L. 10) TO RELIEVE THE EXISTING NATIONAL ECONOMIC EMERGENCY BY INCREASING AGRICULTURAL PURCHASING POWER, TO RAISE REVENUE FOR EXTRAORDINARY EXPENSES INCURRED BY REASON OF SUCH EMERGENCY, TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY RELIEF WITH RESPECT TO AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ORDERLY LIQUIDATION OF JOINT-STOCK LAND, BANKS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> However, many quickly came to reject the increasing [[liberalism]], bureaucracy, and totalitarianism of the programs, and the opposition solidified during the era of the Second New Deal.

Examples of Old Right figures who symbolized fierce opposition towards the New Deal included U.S. senator [[Frederick Hale]] of [[Maine]], who voted against such programs even more frequently than his colleague [[Wallace H. White]].<ref>Fascinating Politics (September 23, 2018). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2018/09/23/how-the-northeast-became-democratic-part-iv-maine-sort-of/ How the Northeast Became Democratic, Part IV: Maine (Sort of)]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Hale particularly voted against the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (known as the Wagner Act),<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/74-1/s66 TO PASS S. 1958, A BILL TO PROVIDE FOR SETTLEMENT OF LABOR DISPUTES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> as well as the [[Social Security]] Act.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/74-1/s82 TO PASS H.R. 7260.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

Examples of Old Right figures who symbolized fierce opposition towards the New Deal included U.S. senator [[Frederick Hale]] of [[Maine]], who disapproved of such programs even more frequently than his colleague [[Wallace H. White]].<ref>Fascinating Politics (September 23, 2018). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2018/09/23/how-the-northeast-became-democratic-part-iv-maine-sort-of/ How the Northeast Became Democratic, Part IV: Maine (Sort of)]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Hale particularly voted against the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (known as the Wagner Act),<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/74-1/s66 TO PASS S. 1958, A BILL TO PROVIDE FOR SETTLEMENT OF LABOR DISPUTES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> as well as the [[Social Security]] Act.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/74-1/s82 TO PASS H.R. 7260.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

The political power of the Old Right solidified in the wake of the 1937 [[court packing]] scheme. President Roosevelt, irritated over rulings by the [[United States Supreme Court]] striking down key [[New Deal]] legislation, sought to increase the number of total justices on the Court by introducing the Judiciary Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 so he could appoint stalwart allies of his liberal agenda.

The political power of the Old Right solidified in the wake of the 1937 [[court packing]] scheme. President Roosevelt, irritated over rulings by the [[United States Supreme Court]] striking down key [[New Deal]] legislation, sought to increase the number of total justices on the Court by introducing the Judiciary Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 so he could appoint stalwart allies of his liberal agenda.

However, the largely non-interventionist Republicans of the Old Right remained firm in opposing key aspects of President Roosevelt's foreign policy. This included the vast majority of congressional Republicans voting against the 1941 [[Lend-Lease Act]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/77-1941/h6 TO PASS H.R. 1776, A BILL TO PROMOTE THE DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES (LEND-LEASE BILL).]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Conservatives also expressed concern and opposition towards policies such as [[rationing]], with Rep. [[Charles Halleck]] of Indiana criticizing bureaucrats "snooping into our ice boxes."<ref name=charleshalleck/>

However, the largely non-interventionist Republicans of the Old Right remained firm in opposing key aspects of President Roosevelt's foreign policy. This included the vast majority of congressional Republicans voting against the 1941 [[Lend-Lease Act]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/77-1941/h6 TO PASS H.R. 1776, A BILL TO PROMOTE THE DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES (LEND-LEASE BILL).]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Conservatives also expressed concern and opposition towards policies such as [[rationing]], with Rep. [[Charles Halleck]] of Indiana criticizing bureaucrats "snooping into our ice boxes."<ref name=charleshalleck/>

In the early 1940s, two key non-interventionist Republicans were elected U.S. senators from [[Nebraska]] – [[Kenneth Wherry]] and [[Hugh A. Butler]]. The latter handily defeated Democrat governor Robert L. Cochran in the1940 elections,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30897 NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> while the former was elected in the following [[1942 Midterm Elections|1942 midterms]] by ousting [[liberal]] [[RINO]] [[George Norris]].<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30890 NE US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1942]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Butler in particular criticized the Roosevelt Administration in 1944 regarding foreign aid to [[Latin America]],<ref>January 21, 1944. [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/21/archives/butler-again-hits-latinamerica-aid-he-tells-senate-government-fails.html BUTLER AGAIN HITS LATIN-AMERICA AID; He Tells Senate Government Fails to Upset His Charge of Spending in Billions]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> and also later condemned what he described as:<ref>February 27, 1945. [https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/27/archives/butler-demands-full-account-of-roosevelts-world-parleys.html Butler Demands Full Account Of Roosevelt's World Parleys]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

In the early 1940s, two key non-interventionist Republicans were elected U.S. senators from [[Nebraska]] – [[Kenneth Wherry]] and [[Hugh A. Butler]]. The latter handily defeated Democrat governor Robert L. Cochran in the 1940 elections,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30897 NE US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> while the former was elected in the following [[1942 Midterm Elections|1942 midterms]] by ousting [[liberal]] [[RINO]] [[George Norris]].<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30890 NE US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1942]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Butler in particular criticized the Roosevelt Administration in 1944 regarding foreign aid to [[Latin America]],<ref>January 21, 1944. [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/21/archives/butler-again-hits-latinamerica-aid-he-tells-senate-government-fails.html BUTLER AGAIN HITS LATIN-AMERICA AID; He Tells Senate Government Fails to Upset His Charge of Spending in Billions]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> and also later condemned what he described as:<ref>February 27, 1945. [https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/27/archives/butler-demands-full-account-of-roosevelts-world-parleys.html Butler Demands Full Account Of Roosevelt's World Parleys]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

[[File:Perry_Wilbon_Howard,_II.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Taft's bid for president in 1952 was supported by [[Perry W. Howard, II]].]]

[[File:Perry_Wilbon_Howard,_II.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Taft's bid for president in 1952 was supported by [[Perry W. Howard, II]].]]

===1950s: Taft vs. Eisenhower, decline of the Old Right===

===1950s: Taft vs. Eisenhower, decline of the Old Right===

Sen. Taft sought the presidency in the [[United States presidential election, 1952|1952 presidential election]], and faced General [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in the Republican primaries. The former was an adamant conservative and isolationist while the latter was considerably more moderate and favored [[internationalism]].

Sen. Taft sought the presidency in the [[United States presidential election, 1952|1952 presidential election]], and faced General [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in the Republican primaries. The former was an adamant conservative and isolationist while the latter was considerably more moderate and favored [[internationalism]].

[[B. Carroll Reece]], an Old Right-oriented conservative Republican from [[Tennessee]]'s 1st congressional district, stated in mid-December 1951 that the southern and border states' GOP delegations for the [[Republican National Committee]] would solidly back Taft for the party nomination.<ref>December 17, 1951. [https://www.nytimes.com/1951/12/17/archives/gop-in-south-solid-for-taft-says-reece.html G.O.P. IN SOUTH SOLID FOR TAFT, SAYS REECE]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Indeed, the southern Republican delegations, including the [[Mississippi]] delegation led by black leader [[Perry Wilbon Howard, II]]<ref>Apple, Jr., R.W. (August 31, 2004). [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/30/us/republicans-convention-new-york-apple-s-almanac-father-southern-strategy-76-here.html THE REPUBLICANS: THE CONVENTION IN NEW YORK -- APPLE'S ALMANAC; Father of the Southern Strategy, at 76, Is Here for His 11th Convention]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> and the [[Arkansas]] delegation led by [[Osro Cobb]] voted for Taft.

[[B. Carroll Reece]], an Old Right-oriented conservative Republican from [[Tennessee]]'s 1st congressional district, stated in mid-December 1951 that the southern and border states' GOP delegations for the [[Republican National Committee]] would solidly back Taft for the party nomination.<ref>December 17, 1951. [https://www.nytimes.com/1951/12/17/archives/gop-in-south-solid-for-taft-says-reece.html G.O.P. IN SOUTH SOLID FOR TAFT, SAYS REECE]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Indeed, the southern Republican delegations including the [[Mississippi]] delegation led by longtime black GOP leader [[Perry Wilbon Howard, II]]<ref>Apple, Jr., R.W. (August 31, 2004). [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/30/us/republicans-convention-new-york-apple-s-almanac-father-southern-strategy-76-here.html THE REPUBLICANS: THE CONVENTION IN NEW YORK -- APPLE'S ALMANAC; Father of the Southern Strategy, at 76, Is Here for His 11th Convention]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> and the [[Arkansas]] delegation led by [[Osro Cobb]] voted for Taft.

The "black and tan" delegations symbolized the GOP's pro-civil rights roots and came to the support of the Ohio senator who was firmly supportive of racial equality<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (June 21, 2011). [https://mises.org/library/swan-song-old-right Swan Song of the Old Right]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> over Eisenhower – who while is known for pro-civil rights victories later during his presidency – had wavered on the issue of [[segregation]].<ref>Greenberg, David (August 10, 2000). [https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2000/08/the-party-of-lincoln.html The Party of Lincoln …]. ''Slate''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

The "black and tan" delegations symbolized the GOP's pro-civil rights roots and came to the support of the Ohio senator who was firmly supportive of racial equality<ref name=taftfepcbill/><ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (June 21, 2011). [https://mises.org/library/swan-song-old-right Swan Song of the Old Right]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> over Eisenhower – who while is known for pro-civil rights victories later during his presidency – had initially wavered on the issue of [[segregation]].<ref>Greenberg, David (August 10, 2000). [https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2000/08/the-party-of-lincoln.html The Party of Lincoln …]. ''Slate''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

Ultimately, Eisenhower won the Republican nomination in part due to a maneuver by [[New York]] lawyer [[Herbert Brownell]],<ref>[https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/brownell-herbert-papers.pdf BROWNELL, HERBERT JR.:  Papers, 1877-1988]. ''Eisenhower Presidential Library''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> who would later prove instrumental in landmark desegregation efforts. In the general election, Eisenhower defeated [[Illinois]] liberal Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson|Adlai E. Stevenson, II]] by a landslide for the presidency.

Ultimately, Eisenhower won the Republican nomination in part due to a maneuver by [[New York]] lawyer [[Herbert Brownell]],<ref>[https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/brownell-herbert-papers.pdf BROWNELL, HERBERT JR.:  Papers, 1877-1988]. ''Eisenhower Presidential Library''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> who would later prove instrumental in landmark desegregation efforts. In the general election, Eisenhower defeated [[Illinois]] liberal Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson|Adlai E. Stevenson, II]] by a landslide for the presidency.

During the Eisenhower presidency, the isolationism of many Old Right Republicans began to wane. One instance was on the issue of foreign aid, where Indiana congressman Charles Halleck had been willing to compromise and vote for.<ref>Fascinating Politics (April 14, 2021). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2021/04/14/earl-landgrebe-nixons-last-republican-defender/ Earl Landgrebe: Nixon’s Last Republican Defender]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Homer E. Capehart, a Republican U.S. senator from the state, similarly had been an isolationist initially though inclined to support the Eisenhower Administration's foreign policy frequently.<ref>Cook, Joan (September 5, 1979). [https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/homer-e-capehart-is-dead-at-82-was-3term-senator-from-indiana.html Homer E. Capehart Is Dead at 82; Was 3‐Term Senator From Indiana]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/homer-e-capehart-papers-1938-1962.pdf HOMER E. CAPEHART PAPERS, 1938–1962]. ''Indiana Historical Society''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

During the Eisenhower presidency, the isolationism of many Old Right Republicans began to wane. One instance was on the issue of foreign aid, where Indiana congressman Charles Halleck had been willing to compromise and vote for.<ref>Fascinating Politics (April 14, 2021). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2021/04/14/earl-landgrebe-nixons-last-republican-defender/ Earl Landgrebe: Nixon’s Last Republican Defender]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> [[Homer E. Capehart]], a Republican U.S. senator from the state, similarly had been an isolationist initially though inclined to support the Eisenhower Administration's foreign policy frequently.<ref>Cook, Joan (September 5, 1979). [https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/homer-e-capehart-is-dead-at-82-was-3term-senator-from-indiana.html Homer E. Capehart Is Dead at 82; Was 3‐Term Senator From Indiana]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/homer-e-capehart-papers-1938-1962.pdf HOMER E. CAPEHART PAPERS, 1938–1962]. ''Indiana Historical Society''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

===1960s: rise of Goldwater and New Right, evaporation of the Old Right===

===1960s: rise of Goldwater and New Right, evaporation of the Old Right===

The political rise of [[Arizona]] Sen. [[Barry Goldwater]], along with the surging influence of figures such as [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], contributed to an increasing influence of the [[New Right]] which placed emphasis on U.S. intervention to prevent the global spread of [[communism]].<ref>Riggenbach, Jeff (December 4, 2009). [https://mises.org/library/goldwater-anomaly The Goldwater Anomaly]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> This contrasted with the style of the Old Right, which favored non-interventionism.

The political rise of [[Arizona]] Sen. [[Barry Goldwater]], along with the surging influence of figures such as [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], contributed to an increasing influence of the [[New Right]] which placed emphasis on U.S. intervention to prevent the global spread of [[communism]].<ref>Riggenbach, Jeff (December 4, 2009). [https://mises.org/library/goldwater-anomaly The Goldwater Anomaly]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> This contrasted with the style of the Old Right, which favored non-interventionism.

In the [[1964 presidential election]], Goldwater ran against incumbent liberal Democrat [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], campaigning on conservative credentials in opposing the New Deal and advocating [[hawk]]ish foreign policy moves. His candidacy received the support of many Old Right GOP figures who shared his views on domestic policy, including Rep. [[Leslie C. Arends]] of [[Illinois]].<ref>September 30, 1964. [https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/30/archives/goldw-ater-backer-scores-hate-drive.html GOLDW ATER BACKER SCORES ‘HATE’ DRIVE]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Although he ultimately lost the general election to Johnson by a landslide in part due to intraparty rifts, Goldwater sparked a key revival of the [[conservative movement]] which later propelled [[Ronald Reagan]] to the presidency.

In the [[1964 presidential election]], Goldwater ran against incumbent liberal Democrat [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], campaigning on conservative credentials in opposing the New Deal and advocating [[hawk]]ish foreign policy moves. His candidacy received the support of many Old Right GOP figures who shared his views on domestic policy, including Rep. [[Leslie C. Arends]] of [[Illinois]].<ref>September 30, 1964. [https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/30/archives/goldw-ater-backer-scores-hate-drive.html GOLDW ATER BACKER SCORES ‘HATE’ DRIVE]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Although he ultimately lost the general election to Johnson by a landslide in part due to intraparty rifts, Goldwater sparked a key revival of the [[conservative movement]] which later propelled [[Ronald Reagan]] to the presidency.

The increasing influence of New Right-oriented policies among the Republican Party in the 1960s amidst the [[Vietnam War]]. Most conservatives emerged as supporters of the war, with only a few being vocal opponents. Among the latter, most notable was congressman [[Eugene Siler]] of [[Kentucky]], who was the lone U.S. representative to vote against the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]].<ref>Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster. [http://hnn.us/articles/28879.html The Christian Conservative Who Opposed the Vietnam War]. ''History News Network''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Siler is considered a forerunner to current Kentucky libertarian conservatives [[Rand Paul]] and [[Thomas Massie]].<ref>Fascinating Politics (November 2, 2019). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/11/02/before-rand-paul-there-was-eugene-siler/ Before Rand Paul, There Was Eugene Siler]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

The influence of New Right-oriented policies among the Republican Party increased in the 1960s amidst the [[Vietnam War]]. Most conservatives emerged as supporters of the war, with only a few being vocal opponents. Among the latter, most notable was congressman [[Eugene Siler]] of [[Kentucky]], who was the lone U.S. representative to vote against the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]].<ref>Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster. [http://hnn.us/articles/28879.html The Christian Conservative Who Opposed the Vietnam War]. ''History News Network''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> Siler is considered a forerunner to current Kentucky libertarian conservatives [[Rand Paul]] and [[Thomas Massie]].<ref>Fascinating Politics (November 2, 2019). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2019/11/02/before-rand-paul-there-was-eugene-siler/ Before Rand Paul, There Was Eugene Siler]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

==Left-wing smears==

==Left-wing smears==

Leftists, who long despised the policies of the Old Right, have set out to smear the group. A writer for JSTOR in 2016 published an article suggesting the Old Right was a precursor to the contemporary "alt-right."<ref>Wills, Matthew (October 1, 2016). [https://daily.jstor.org/alt-right-and-old-right/ Is the “Alt-Right” The Grandchild of the Old Right?]. ''JSTOR Daily''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> This was cited in an article by the [[far-left]] [[Salon]], which absurdly perpetuated the argument.<ref>Rosenberg, Paul (October 8, 2016). [https://archive.is/dlDgb From the "old right" to the alt-right: How the conservative ideology of FDR's day fueled the rise of Trump]. ''Salon'' via ''archive.is''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

Leftists, who long despised the policies of the Old Right, have set out to smear the group. A writer for JSTOR in 2016 published an article suggesting the Old Right was a precursor to the contemporary "alt-right."<ref>Wills, Matthew (October 1, 2016). [https://daily.jstor.org/alt-right-and-old-right/ Is the “Alt-Right” The Grandchild of the Old Right?]. ''JSTOR Daily''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref> This was cited in an article by the [[far-left]] [[Salon]], which absurdly perpetuated the argument.<ref>Rosenberg, Paul (October 8, 2016). [https://archive.is/dlDgb From the "old right" to the alt-right: How the conservative ideology of FDR's day fueled the rise of Trump]. ''Salon'' via ''archive.is''. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</ref>

==References==

==References==

[[Category:United States Politics]]

[[Category:United States Politics]]

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:United States History]]

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{{conservatism}}

[[Category:New Deal|*]]

[[Category:New Deal|*]]

[[Category:1940s]]

[[Category:1940s]]

[[Category:1950s]]

[[Category:1950s]]