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Line 23: − ====Bonfires====+ + + + Line 31:
Line 34: − + − With the Enlightenment, belief in ghosts, goblins, and witches waned. Scotland's last execution for witchcraft was in 1706 and the last trial was in 1727. In the late 18th century, the supernatural beings that had terrified previous generations were gradually reduced to folklore. The Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 marked the end of the Jacobite wars and the beginning of a period of Anglo-Scottish reconciliation. − − ====The poetry of John Mayne and Robert Burns====
→History: redoing the titling
In medieval times, it was thought that the living could help the souls of the dead escape purgatory on All Souls' Day (Nov. 2) by lighting bonfires and by other activities. When the Reformation swept Scotland in May 1559, All Saints' Day (Nov. 1), All Souls' Day, and other Catholic holidays were suppressed. At this time, Halloween was simply the before All Saints Day and not an independent festival. Bonfires are one of the oldest and most persistent Halloween observances. This practice could have transferred from All Souls Day.
In medieval times, it was thought that the living could help the souls of the dead escape purgatory on All Souls' Day (Nov. 2) by lighting bonfires and by other activities. When the Reformation swept Scotland in May 1559, All Saints' Day (Nov. 1), All Souls' Day, and other Catholic holidays were suppressed. At this time, Halloween was simply the before All Saints Day and not an independent festival. Bonfires are one of the oldest and most persistent Halloween observances. This practice could have transferred from All Souls Day.
===Bonfires===
Worried that a Halloween bonfire might get out of hand, the Cupar Presbytery in Fife issued this order in 1649:{{cquote|It is recommended to severall brethren to be carefull to intimat in their several kirkis, wpon the Sabaths immediatly before Midsommer and hallowewen, that no fyres be set on, wpon these nightis.<ref>''[https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/10/31/alhallow-evin-in-scotland/ Cupar Presbytery Minutes]'', 8 March 1649, CH2/82/1.</ref>}}Englishman Thomas Pennant gave an account of the Halloween bonfires that he witnessed on a visit to Scotland in 1772. Such bonfires were used to remove refuse after the harvest:{{cquote|Hallow eve is also kept sacred: as soon as it is dark, a person sets fire to a bush of broom fastened round a pole; and, attended with a crowd, runs round the village. He then flings it down, keeps great quantity of combustible matters in it, and makes a great bonfire. A whole tract is thus illuminated at the same time, and makes a fine appearance.<ref>Pennant, Thomas, ''[https://archive.org/details/tourinscotlandvo01penn/page/46/mode/2up A Tour in Scotland],'' Part II (London, 1772), p. 47.</ref>}}
Worried that a Halloween bonfire might get out of hand, the Cupar Presbytery in Fife issued this order in 1649:{{cquote|It is recommended to severall brethren to be carefull to intimat in their several kirkis, wpon the Sabaths immediatly before Midsommer and hallowewen, that no fyres be set on, wpon these nightis.<ref>''[https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/10/31/alhallow-evin-in-scotland/ Cupar Presbytery Minutes]'', 8 March 1649, CH2/82/1.</ref>}}Englishman Thomas Pennant gave an account of the Halloween bonfires that he witnessed on a visit to Scotland in 1772. Such bonfires were used to remove refuse after the harvest:{{cquote|Hallow eve is also kept sacred: as soon as it is dark, a person sets fire to a bush of broom fastened round a pole; and, attended with a crowd, runs round the village. He then flings it down, keeps great quantity of combustible matters in it, and makes a great bonfire. A whole tract is thus illuminated at the same time, and makes a fine appearance.<ref>Pennant, Thomas, ''[https://archive.org/details/tourinscotlandvo01penn/page/46/mode/2up A Tour in Scotland],'' Part II (London, 1772), p. 47.</ref>}}
===The Enlightenment===
With the Enlightenment, belief in ghosts, goblins, and witches waned. Scotland's last execution for witchcraft was in 1706 and the last trial was in 1727. In the late 18th century, the supernatural beings that had terrified previous generations were gradually reduced to folklore. The Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 marked the end of the Jacobite wars and the beginning of a period of Anglo-Scottish reconciliation.
====Tamlane====
====Tamlane====
The ballad is mentioned by Robert Wedderburn in 1549.<ref>Wedderburn, Robert, ''[https://archive.org/details/complayntofscotl01henruoft The Complaynt of Scotlande]'' (1549). Wedderburn lists “The tayl of the yong Tamlene” among various songs and ballads.</ref> The lyrics were collected and published by David Herd in 1769.<ref>Herd, David, ''Ancient and Modern Scots Songs, Heroic Ballads, &c.,'' 1769, “Kertonha, or, The Fairy Court.”</ref> Sir Walter Scott published the classic version in 1803.<ref name="Scott">Walter, Scott, Sir, ''The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border'', "[https://archive.org/details/minstrelsyofscot02scot/page/336/mode/2up The Young Tamlane]", p. 337.</ref>
The ballad is mentioned by Robert Wedderburn in 1549.<ref>Wedderburn, Robert, ''[https://archive.org/details/complayntofscotl01henruoft The Complaynt of Scotlande]'' (1549). Wedderburn lists “The tayl of the yong Tamlene” among various songs and ballads.</ref> The lyrics were collected and published by David Herd in 1769.<ref>Herd, David, ''Ancient and Modern Scots Songs, Heroic Ballads, &c.,'' 1769, “Kertonha, or, The Fairy Court.”</ref> Sir Walter Scott published the classic version in 1803.<ref name="Scott">Walter, Scott, Sir, ''The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border'', "[https://archive.org/details/minstrelsyofscot02scot/page/336/mode/2up The Young Tamlane]", p. 337.</ref>
====The enlightened 18th century====
====John Mayne and Robert Burns====
A poem written in 1780 by John Mayne of Dumfries describes a Scottish Halloween festival. The poem mentions both pranks and trick or treating. “There’s few [festivals] in Scotland held mair dear,” it says.<ref>Mayne, John, "[https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857 Halloween]" (1780).</ref>
A poem written in 1780 by John Mayne of Dumfries describes a Scottish Halloween festival. The poem mentions both pranks and trick or treating. “There’s few [festivals] in Scotland held mair dear,” it says.<ref>Mayne, John, "[https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857 Halloween]" (1780).</ref>