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The Half-Breeds were later led by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations in the 1870s aligned more with the Stalwarts.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent up the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The Half-Breeds were later led by [[corrupt]] [[U.S. Senator]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], whose political inclinations in the 1870s aligned more with the Stalwarts.<ref name=p.91>''George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans'', p. 91.</ref> The group's main achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1884, which led to the creation of the [[bureaucratic]] [[Deep State]].<ref>Earle, Peter C. (November 14, 2019). [https://www.aier.org/article/the-birth-of-the-deep-state-a-history/ The Birth of the Deep State: A History]. ''American Institute for Economic Research''.</ref> Under the Pendleton Act, [[racist]] civil servants were no longer dependent up the [[patronage]] of an elected Democrat official, and were protected from firing when Democrats were voted out of office.

The early Half-Breed leaders were [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and [[George Frisbie Hoar]]. Other members included [[James A. Garfield]], [[William H. Robertson]], George Edmunds, [[William Wheeler]], Henry Blair, [[Stanley Matthews]], William Evarts, Henry Dawes, George McCrary, and John Sherman.<ref name=p.91/>

The early Half-Breed leaders were [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and [[George Frisbie Hoar]], and other members included [[James A. Garfield]] as well as [[William H. Robertson]].

==Ideology and leadership==

==Ideology and leadership==

Many sources published in the contemporary era tend to attribute the leader of the Half-Breeds to Blaine and sometimes even suggest that he himself was a supporter of civil service reform, which is misleading and erroneous. Per the writings of Professor Welch:<ref name=p.91/>

Many sources published in the contemporary era tend to attribute the leader of the Half-Breeds to Blaine and sometimes even suggest that he himself was a supporter of civil service reform, which is misleading and erroneous. Per the writings of Professor Welch:<ref name=p.91/>

{{cquote|By the middle of the Hayes’s administration certain politicians were already representative of the goals and prejudices of Half-Breed Republicanism. Not James G. Blaine—who at this point represented a particular wing of the Stalwarts and became a Half-Breed only with the campaign of 1880——but men like Hayes, Hoar, George Edmunds, William Wheeler, Stanley Matthews, Henry Blair, William Evarts, George McCrary, Henry Dawes, and John Sherman.|||Welch, p. 91}}

{{cquote|By the middle of the Hayes’s administration certain politicians were already representative of the goals and prejudices of Half-Breed Republicanism. Not James G. Blaine—who at this point represented a particular wing of the Stalwarts and became a Half-Breed only with the campaign of 1880——but men like Hayes, Hoar, George Edmunds, [[William Wheeler]], [[Stanley Matthews]], Henry Blair, William Evarts, George McCrary, Henry Dawes, and John Sherman.|||Welch, p. 91}}

==Timeline==

==Timeline==