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===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Blaine, and both factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either candidate to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> Some loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welc, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed]. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine, and both factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either candidate to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

The assassination of Garfield only damaged the cause of the Stalwarts, and its leader Conkling was blamed over Guiteau's actions. The new president, Chester Arthur, abandoned his past Stalwart roots and switched to support civil service reform,<ref name=garfieldandarthur/><ref name=ucf/> allying on the issue with congressional Half-Breeds.

The assassination of Garfield only damaged the cause of the Stalwarts, and its leader Conkling was blamed over Guiteau's actions. The new president, Chester Arthur, abandoned his past Stalwart roots and switched to support civil service reform,<ref name=garfieldandarthur/><ref name=ucf/> allying on the issue with congressional Half-Breeds.

[[George H. Pendleton]], a [[liberal]] Democrat [[Copperhead]] and white supremacist from [[Ohio]] who previously defended [[slavery]], introduced the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] that would effectively rid the traditional patronage system and in its place install a bureaucratic civil service system. Half-Breeds such as Sens. Hoar and Edmunds were eager to aid the passage of the bill,<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welc, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed]. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> along with remaining Stalwarts who abandoned their cause and voted for the Pendleton Act.

[[George H. Pendleton]], a [[liberal]] Democrat [[Copperhead]] and white supremacist from [[Ohio]] who previously defended [[slavery]], introduced the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] that would effectively rid the traditional patronage system and in its place install a bureaucratic civil service system. Half-Breeds such as Sens. Hoar and Edmunds were eager to aid the passage of the bill,ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> along with remaining Stalwarts who abandoned their cause and voted for the Pendleton Act.

All Senate Republicans present voted for the [[Pendleton Act]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646 TO PASS S. 133.] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> in addition to all but seven House Republicans.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272 TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> The primary opposition thus came from Democrats who likely voted against it due to the party's Jacksonian roots.<ref group=note>The spoils system was originally a principle of the Jacksonian Democrats.</ref> The legislation passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Arthur.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/>

All Senate Republicans present voted for the [[Pendleton Act]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646 TO PASS S. 133.] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> in addition to all but seven House Republicans.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272 TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).] ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> The primary opposition thus came from Democrats who likely voted against it due to the party's Jacksonian roots.<ref group=note>The spoils system was originally a principle of the Jacksonian Democrats.</ref> The legislation passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Arthur.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/>