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===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

===1880 Republican factionalism: Grant vs. Blaine===

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welc, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed]. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine, and both factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either candidate to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

In the 1880 presidential election, Stalwarts led by Conkling who previously were steadfast allies of President Grant as Radical Republicans pushed Grant to run for an unprecedented, non-consecutive third term.<ref name=roscoeconklingbio1/> A number of loyal Half-Breeds pushed heavily for nominating Edmunds<ref name=georgeedmundsbio>Welc, Richard E., Jr. (1968). [https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf ''George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed''], p. 67–69. ''Vermont History''. Retrieved November 28, 2021.</ref> while others supported Blaine, and both factions were uniformly prioritized in their contempt for the other side, refusing to allow either candidate to be the nominee.<ref name=levipmorton/>

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. John D. Long, was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=edmundsbiop.67-69>''George Edmunds of Vermont'', p. 67–69.</ref> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

The objective of Massachusetts Half-Breed strategists Sens. Hoar and Dawes, in addition to Rep. John D. Long, was to utilize their state's delegation at the Republican National Convention in supporting Edmunds to deny Blaine or Grant from being nominated.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Although the state's delegation backed Edmunds, the Vermont senator could not obtain enough votes to be nominated.

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Grant, a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Union commander and Radical Republican who never wavered in his advocacy for racial equality and notably accomplished a breakup the First Ku Klux Klan, sympathized with the Stalwarts' frustrations towards Hayes' efforts that stifled equal protection under the law. Blaine was placed in a more difficult position, similarly opposing Hayes' decisions out of concern for the plight of Southern blacks though accepting his standing among the Half-Breeds due to his rivalry with Conkling.<ref name=levipmorton/>

Ultimately, the [[Republican National Convention]] selected [[dark horse]] candidate [[James A. Garfield]] of [[Ohio]] to be the party nominee as a compromise,<ref name=levipmorton/> following a compromise between Blaine and Edmunds supporters.<ref name=edmundsbiop.67-69/> Garfield was favorable among Half-Breeds, and attempted to simultaneously garner sufficient support from Stalwarts by vowing to meet the Conkling machine's demands in a party unity effort. With Stalwart [[Chester Arthur]] as his running mate, he won the general election over Winfield S. Hancock.

Ultimately, the [[Republican National Convention]] selected [[dark horse]] candidate [[James A. Garfield]] of [[Ohio]] to be the party nominee as a compromise,<ref name=levipmorton/> following a compromise between Blaine and Edmunds supporters.<ref name=georgeedmundsbio/> Garfield was favorable among Half-Breeds, and attempted to simultaneously garner sufficient support from Stalwarts by vowing to meet the Conkling machine's demands in a party unity effort. With Stalwart [[Chester Arthur]] as his running mate, he won the general election over Winfield S. Hancock.

===Battle over New York Collector of the Port===

===Battle over New York Collector of the Port===