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Opposing the Stalwarts were the congressional [[Half-Breeds]], [[Moderate Republican]]s who supported civil service reform in the name of supposed "integrity" and at the expense of blacks.<ref name=trumpchristie/>

Opposing the Stalwarts were the congressional [[Half-Breeds]], [[Moderate Republican]]s who supported civil service reform in the name of supposed "integrity" and at the expense of blacks.<ref name=trumpchristie/>

The Stalwarts, whose members were primarily from the [[Northeast]],<ref name=uspartypolitics/> were led by [[Senator]] [[Roscoe Conkling]] of [[New York]].<ref name=npsinfo>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/stalwarts-half-breeds-and-political-assassination.htm Stalwarts, Half Breeds, and Political Assassination]. ''National Park Service''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref><ref name=garfieldandarthur>Weisberger, Bernard A. [https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/james-garfield-and-chester-arthur James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> Others in the faction included:

The Stalwarts, whose members were primarily from the [[Northeast]],<ref name=uspartypolitics/> were led by [[Senator]] [[Roscoe Conkling]] of [[New York]],<ref name=npsinfo>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/stalwarts-half-breeds-and-political-assassination.htm Stalwarts, Half Breeds, and Political Assassination]. ''National Park Service''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref><ref name=garfieldandarthur>Weisberger, Bernard A. [https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/james-garfield-and-chester-arthur James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> who had helped write the [[14th Amendment]].<ref name=theremarkableroscoept1>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-remarkable-roscoe-friend-and-nemesis-of-presidents-part-i.htm The Remarkable Roscoe: Friend and Nemesis of Presidents (Part I)]. ''National Park Service''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> Others in the faction included:

*[[Vice President]] [[Levi P. Morton]]

*[[Vice President]] [[Levi P. Morton]]

*Illinois congressman and senator [[John A. Logan]]

*Illinois congressman and senator [[John A. Logan]]

===1880: Stalwarts push for unprecedented third Grant term===

===1880: Stalwarts push for unprecedented third Grant term===

Hayes' actions as president alienated not only congressional Stalwarts, but Half-Breeds as well.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/> In the [[United States presidential election, 1880|1880 presidential election]], Stalwarts led by Conkling successfully urged former Radical Republican president [[Ulysses Grant]] to seek a non-consecutive, third term.<ref name=npsinfo/> Half-Breeds coalesced around Maine senator [[James G. Blaine]], who opposed civil service reform<ref name=garfieldandarthur/><ref group=note>A common narrative goes as follows: "Blaine was the leader of the Half-Breeds who supported civil service reform." This is despite Blaine not taking part in Half-Breed politics during the Hayes presidency, in addition to his opposition to civil service reform despite what the narrative implies.</ref> though aligned with the moderate faction with his viewpoints on industrial interests and protective tariffs. Blaine, however, refused to join the Stalwarts due to a personal feud with Conkling.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-remarkable-roscoe-friend-and-nemesis-of-presidents-part-i.htm The Remarkable Roscoe: Friend and Nemesis of Presidents (Part I)]. ''National Park Service''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

Hayes' actions as president alienated not only congressional Stalwarts, but Half-Breeds as well.<ref name=garfieldandarthur/> In the [[United States presidential election, 1880|1880 presidential election]], Stalwarts led by Conkling successfully urged former Radical Republican president [[Ulysses Grant]] to seek a non-consecutive, third term.<ref name=npsinfo/> Half-Breeds coalesced around Maine senator [[James G. Blaine]], who opposed civil service reform<ref name=garfieldandarthur/><ref group=note>A common narrative goes as follows: "Blaine was the leader of the Half-Breeds who supported civil service reform." This is despite Blaine not taking part in Half-Breed politics during the Hayes presidency, in addition to his opposition to civil service reform despite what the narrative implies.</ref> though aligned with the moderate faction with his viewpoints on industrial interests and protective tariffs. Blaine, however, refused to join the Stalwarts due to a personal feud with Conkling.<ref name=theremarkableroscoept1/>

Although Grant had previously pushed for some degree of civil service reform as president, he became disenchanted with Hayes' efforts to effectively dismantle the Stalwarts' patronage machines.<ref name=npsinfo/> Conkling, who previously was a close ally to Grant during the latter's presidency, once again became a right-hand man.

Although Grant had previously pushed for some degree of civil service reform as president, he became disenchanted with Hayes' efforts to effectively dismantle the Stalwarts' patronage machines.<ref name=npsinfo/> Conkling, who previously was a close ally to Grant during the latter's presidency, once again became a right-hand man.