Changes

In the 1870s one by one, white congressional abolitionists abandoned the cause, typified by [[Charles Sumner]] who switched to the Liberal Republicans in 1872. In the mid-1870s the [[Redeemers]] (the Southern wing of the [[Bourbon Democrats]] in the [[Democratic Party]]) overthrew the Republican coalition that had controlled the southern states during "Black Reconstruction" after 1867. The Redeemers replaced the [[civil rights]] reforms of [[Reconstruction]] with Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation in public places. The Redeemers eliminated or curtailed African-American voting rights. In effect they replaced the short period after slavery when African Americans enjoyed some legal rights with segregation laws that impacted African-Americans socially, politically, and economically for the next 80 years.  

In the 1870s one by one, white congressional abolitionists abandoned the cause, typified by [[Charles Sumner]] who switched to the Liberal Republicans in 1872. In the mid-1870s the [[Redeemers]] (the Southern wing of the [[Bourbon Democrats]] in the [[Democratic Party]]) overthrew the Republican coalition that had controlled the southern states during "Black Reconstruction" after 1867. The Redeemers replaced the [[civil rights]] reforms of [[Reconstruction]] with Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation in public places. The Redeemers eliminated or curtailed African-American voting rights. In effect they replaced the short period after slavery when African Americans enjoyed some legal rights with segregation laws that impacted African-Americans socially, politically, and economically for the next 80 years.  

Public opinion, among northern whites, and most opinion by white scholars, accepted or applauded the Redeemers, but some clung to the abolitionist viewpoint. McPherson <ref>McPherson, ''Abolitionist Legacy'' page 5, 114, 317&ndash;385, 390</ref> reports that 15 of 24 ex-abolitionists who wrote about Reconstruction called it a "qualified success." However others, including [[Frederick Douglass]], said Reconstruction had, "carried the colored voter to an altitude unsuited to his attainments."<ref>McPherson 1975</ref>

Public opinion, among northern whites, and most opinion by white scholars, accepted or applauded the Redeemers, but some clung to the abolitionist viewpoint. McPherson<ref>McPherson, ''Abolitionist Legacy'' page 5, 114, 317&ndash;385, 390</ref> reports that 15 of 24 ex-abolitionists who wrote about Reconstruction called it a "qualified success." However others, including [[Frederick Douglass]], said Reconstruction had, "carried the colored voter to an altitude unsuited to his attainments."<ref>McPherson 1975</ref>

In the 1880s nationalist historians like [[James Ford Rhodes]] held that secession over the issue of slavery was a primary cause of the Civil War. Neoabolitionists in the 1960s added that nation had a moral debt to abolish the abomination that was slavery, and to guarantee equal rights for Blacks, especially to guarantee voting rights.

In the 1880s nationalist historians like [[James Ford Rhodes]] held that secession over the issue of slavery was a primary cause of the Civil War. Neoabolitionists in the 1960s added that nation had a moral debt to abolish the abomination that was slavery, and to guarantee equal rights for Blacks, especially to guarantee voting rights.

==Early 20th century==

==Early 20th century==