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'''John Davis Long''' (October 27, 1838 – August 28, 1915) was a [[lawyer]] and Republican from [[Massachusetts]] who represented the state's second congressional district for three terms from 1883 to 1889, previously being elected governor. Prior to that, he was the [[lieutenant governor]] of the state under Thomas Talbot. Long later served under the McKinley and Roosevelt administrations as [[Secretary of the Navy]].

'''John Davis Long''' (October 27, 1838 – August 28, 1915) was a [[lawyer]] and Republican from [[Massachusetts]] who represented the state's second congressional district for three terms from 1883 to 1889, previously being elected governor. Prior to that, he was the [[lieutenant governor]] of the state under Thomas Talbot. Long later served under the McKinley and Roosevelt administrations as [[Secretary of the Navy]].

Although originally a staunch Republican who would "wave the bloody shirt," Long later became an advocate of civil service reform, favoring more [[progressive]] positions and turning against the party's pro-civil rights roots.<ref>Hess, James W. (March 1960). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/362964 John D. Long and Reform Issues in Massachusetts Politics, 1870-1889]. ''JSTOR''. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</ref>

Although originally a staunch Republican who would "wave the bloody shirt," Long later became an advocate of civil service reform, favoring more [[progressive]] positions and turning against the party's pro-[[civil rights]] roots.<ref>Hess, James W. (March 1960). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/362964 John D. Long and Reform Issues in Massachusetts Politics, 1870-1889]. ''JSTOR''. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</ref>

==Background==

==Background==