Changes

[[File:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen LOC portrait.png|thumb|right|260px|Portrait of [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]], a New Jersey Stalwart.]]

[[File:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen LOC portrait.png|thumb|right|260px|Portrait of [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]], a New Jersey Stalwart.]]

[[File:Leonidas C. Houk.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Leonidas Houk]], a Tennessee Stalwart.]]

[[File:Leonidas C. Houk.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Leonidas Houk]], a Tennessee Stalwart.]]

[[File:John A. Logan portrait.png|thumb|right|260px|[[John A. Logan]], an Illinois Stalwart.]]

[[File:John A. Logan portrait.png|thumb|right|260px|[[John Logan]], an Illinois Stalwart.]]

'''Stalwart''' is a term used to describe the "Old Guard,"<ref name=uspartypolitics>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/american-party-politics American Party Politics]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> [[conservative]]<ref name=encyclopedia.combasicinfo>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/stalwarts Stalwarts]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved August 25, 2021.</ref> wing of the [[Republican Party]] during the [[Gilded Age]] that stood firmly for equal rights for [[African American]]s and opposed [[Jim Crow]] and the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. From 1877–81, they opposed the Jim Crow Democrats' efforts to rebuild the [[Democratic Party]] in the post-[[American Civil War|Civil War]] era with a [[civil service system]] that discriminated against [[black]]s, instead favoring the traditional [[spoils system]].<ref name=trumpchristie>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

'''Stalwart''' is a term used to describe the "Old Guard,"<ref name=uspartypolitics>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/american-party-politics American Party Politics]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref> [[conservative]]<ref name=encyclopedia.combasicinfo>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/stalwarts Stalwarts]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved August 25, 2021.</ref> wing of the [[Republican Party]] during the [[Gilded Age]] that stood firmly for equal rights for [[African American]]s and opposed [[Jim Crow]] and the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. From 1877–81, they opposed the Jim Crow Democrats' efforts to rebuild the [[Democratic Party]] in the post-[[American Civil War|Civil War]] era with a [[civil service system]] that discriminated against [[black]]s, instead favoring the traditional [[spoils system]].<ref name=trumpchristie>Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). [https://www.vox.com/2016/7/20/12233454/christie-trump-purge-federal-employees Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service]. ''Vox''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. Roscoe Conkling of New York<ref>[https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/c/conkling_r.htm Roscoe Conkling Letters]. ''Syracuse University''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. Roscoe Conkling of New York<ref>[https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/c/conkling_r.htm Roscoe Conkling Letters]. ''Syracuse University''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frelinghuysen-frederick-theodore Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frelinghuysen-frederick-theodore Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. [[John Logan]] of Illinois<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref>

*Sen. John A. Logan of Illinois<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref>

*Sen. Oliver P. Morton of Indiana<ref name=fonerp.578>Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863, p. 578. Harper and Row, Publishers.</ref>

*Sen. Oliver P. Morton of Indiana<ref name=fonerp.578>Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863, p. 578. Harper and Row, Publishers.</ref>

*Sen. [[Zachariah Chandler]] of Michigan<ref name=chandlerandwade>Riddleberger, Patrick W. (April 1960). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716572 The Radicals' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction]. ''JSTOR''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>

*Sen. [[Zachariah Chandler]] of Michigan<ref name=chandlerandwade>Riddleberger, Patrick W. (April 1960). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716572 The Radicals' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction]. ''JSTOR''. Retrieved December 21, 2021.</ref>