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The 1957 Civil Rights Act was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Johnson told Sen. [[Richard Russell]], {{quotebox|"These Negroes, they're getting pretty [[uppity]] these days and that's a problem for us since they've got something now they never had before, the political pull to back up their uppityness. Now we've got to do something about this, we've got to give them a little something, just enough to quiet them down, not enough to make a difference. For if we don't move at all, then their allies will line up against us and there'll be no way of stopping them, we'll lose the filibuster and there'll be no way of putting a brake on all sorts of wild legislation. It'll be Reconstruction all over again."<ref>Said to Senator Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA) regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1957. As quoted in [http://books.google.com/books?id=HS9aAAAAYAAJ ''Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream''] (1977), by Doris Kearns Goodwin, New York: New American Library, p. 155.</ref>}}

The 1957 Civil Rights Act was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Johnson told Sen. [[Richard Russell]], {{quotebox|"These Negroes, they're getting pretty [[uppity]] these days and that's a problem for us since they've got something now they never had before, the political pull to back up their uppityness. Now we've got to do something about this, we've got to give them a little something, just enough to quiet them down, not enough to make a difference. For if we don't move at all, then their allies will line up against us and there'll be no way of stopping them, we'll lose the filibuster and there'll be no way of putting a brake on all sorts of wild legislation. It'll be Reconstruction all over again."<ref>Said to Senator Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA) regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1957. As quoted in [http://books.google.com/books?id=HS9aAAAAYAAJ ''Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream''] (1977), by Doris Kearns Goodwin, New York: New American Library, p. 155.</ref>}}

====Bull Connor====

===Bull Connor===

Bull Connor was first elected to the Alabama House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/connor.html|title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Connor|first=Lawrence|last=Kestenbaum|website=politicalgraveyard.com}}</ref>  Connor remained a Democrat throughout his career and life.  In 1936 he was elected Commissioner of Public Safety of Birmingham, Alabama.  A [[white supremacist]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eugene "Bull" Connor|url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1091|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama|language=en}}</ref> Connor enforced racial segregation laws passed by the states Democratic legislature and denied [[civil rights]] to black citizens. He is notorious for directing the use of fire hoses and police attack dogs against civil rights activists, including against children supporting the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Players: Other Figures {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/meet-players-other-figures/|access-date=|website=PBS|language=en}}</ref> National media broadcast these tactics on television, horrifying much of the world. The outrages served as catalysts for passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].

Bull Connor was first elected to the Alabama House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/connor.html|title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Connor|first=Lawrence|last=Kestenbaum|website=politicalgraveyard.com}}</ref>  Connor remained a Democrat throughout his career and life.  In 1936 he was elected Commissioner of Public Safety of Birmingham, Alabama and served in that position for the better part of three decades.  A [[white supremacist]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eugene "Bull" Connor|url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1091|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama|language=en}}</ref> Connor enforced racial segregation laws passed by the Democratic party-controlled state legislature and denied [[civil rights]] to black citizens. He is notorious for directing the use of fire hoses and police attack dogs against civil rights activists in the early 1960s, including against children supporting the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Players: Other Figures {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/meet-players-other-figures/|access-date=|website=PBS|language=en}}</ref> National media broadcast these tactics on television, horrifying much of the world. The outrages served as catalysts for passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].

===Johnson, war and riots===

===Johnson, war and riots===