Changes

===Russia===

===Russia===

Alone among the major European nations, Russia in the 19th century did not emancipate its Jewish subjects. Popular anti-Semitism (which had an anti-capitalist bias) proceeded from, and flourished with the support of, anti-Jewish laws and official policies that tried either to forcibly integrate Jews into or to segregate them from the rest of Russian society - especially rural society. Pogroms – systematic slaughters of thousands of Jews in certain areas — happened in clusters, as in 1881-82 and 1905–06, and were related to severe political crises involving the issue of Jewish emancipation.

Alone among the major European nations, Russia in the 19th century did not emancipate its Jewish subjects. Popular anti-Semitism (which had an anti-capitalist bias) proceeded from, and flourished with the support of, anti-Jewish laws and official policies that tried either to forcibly integrate Jews into or to segregate them from the rest of Russian society - especially rural society. Pogroms – systematic slaughters of thousands of Jews in certain areas — happened in clusters, as in 1881-82 and 1905–06, and were related to severe political crises involving the issue of Jewish emancipation. The debunked "Protocols", was fabricated in Russia by the czarist secret police and first published in 1903.<ref>Steven Erlanger,  [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/27/world/russia-court-calls-protocols-anti-semitic-forgery.html], ''The New York Times'', Nov 27, 1993.</ref><ref>[https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/a-hoax-of-hate-the-protocols-of-the-learned-elders-of-zion A Hoax of Hate: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion], ''ADL''.</ref> (Was also used by Joseph Goebbels, after he spoke with Hitler about it, both acknowledging it's a forgery).

===Italy===

===Italy===