Changes

Brazil has traditionally been a leader in the inter-American community and played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. Brazil supported the Allies in both World Wars. During World War II, its expeditionary force in Italy played a key role in the Allied victory at Monte Castello. It is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS) and a party to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty). Recently, Brazil has given high priority to expanding relations with its South American neighbors and is a founding member of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), the Community of South American Nations (CASN) and Mercosul, a customs union including Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela and Brazil, with Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador as associate members.

Brazil has traditionally been a leader in the inter-American community and played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. Brazil supported the Allies in both World Wars. During World War II, its expeditionary force in Italy played a key role in the Allied victory at Monte Castello. It is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS) and a party to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty). Recently, Brazil has given high priority to expanding relations with its South American neighbors and is a founding member of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), the Community of South American Nations (CASN) and Mercosul, a customs union including Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela and Brazil, with Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador as associate members.

Along with Argentina, Chile, and the U.S., Brazil is one of the guarantors of the Peru-Ecuador peace process. Brazil is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in its specialized agencies. It has contributed troops to UN peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East, the former Belgian Congo, Cyprus, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor, and most recently Haiti. Brazil is currently leading the UN peacekeeping force in Haiti. Brazil served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2004–2005. Prior to this, it had been a member of the UN Security Council four times. Brazil is lobbying for a permanent position on the Council.

Along with Argentina, Chile, and the U.S., Brazil is one of the guarantors of the Peru-Ecuador peace process. Brazil is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in its specialized agencies. It has contributed troops to UN peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East, the former Belgian Congo, Cyprus, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor, and most recently Haiti. Brazil is currently leading the UN peacekeeping force in Haiti. Brazil served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2004 to 2005. Prior to this, it had been a member of the UN Security Council four times. Brazil is lobbying for a permanent position on the council.

As Brazil's domestic economy has grown and diversified, the country has become increasingly involved in international economic and trade policy discussions. For example, Brazil has been a leader of the G-20 group of nations in the WTO Doha Round talks. The U.S., Western Europe, and Japan are primary markets for Brazilian exports and sources of foreign lending and investment. China is a growing market for Brazilian exports. Brazil also has bolstered its commitment to nonproliferation through ratification of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), signing a full-scale nuclear safeguard agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), acceding to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, and joining the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the Nuclear Suppliers Group.

As Brazil's domestic economy has grown and diversified, the country has become increasingly involved in international economic and trade policy discussions. For example, Brazil has been a leader of the G-20 group of nations in the WTO Doha Round talks. The U.S., Western Europe, and Japan are primary markets for Brazilian exports and sources of foreign lending and investment. China is a growing market for Brazilian exports. Brazil also has bolstered its commitment to nonproliferation through ratification of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), signing a full-scale nuclear safeguard agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), acceding to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, and joining the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the Nuclear Suppliers Group.

Goulart's years in office were marked by high inflation, economic stagnation, and the increasing influence of radical political elements. The armed forces, alarmed by these developments, staged a coup on March 31, 1964. The coup leaders chose as president [[Humberto Castelo Branco]], followed by Arthur da Costa e Silva (1967–69), Emilio Garrastazu Medici (1969–74), and Ernesto Geisel (1974–79), all of whom were senior army officers. Geisel began a democratic opening that was continued by his successor, Gen. Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (1979–85). Figueiredo not only permitted the return of politicians exiled or banned from political activity during the 1960s and 1970s, but also allowed them to run for state and federal offices in 1982.

Goulart's years in office were marked by high inflation, economic stagnation, and the increasing influence of radical political elements. The armed forces, alarmed by these developments, staged a coup on March 31, 1964. The coup leaders chose as president [[Humberto Castelo Branco]], followed by Arthur da Costa e Silva (1967–69), Emilio Garrastazu Medici (1969–74), and Ernesto Geisel (1974–79), all of whom were senior army officers. Geisel began a democratic opening that was continued by his successor, Gen. Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (1979–85). Figueiredo not only permitted the return of politicians exiled or banned from political activity during the 1960s and 1970s, but also allowed them to run for state and federal offices in 1982.

[[File:Brasil.JPG|240px|left]]

[[File:Brasil.JPG|240px|left]]

At the same time, an electoral college consisting of all members of congress and six delegates chosen from each state continued to choose the president. In January 1985, the electoral college voted Tancredo Neves from the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) into office as President. However, Neves became ill in March and died a month later. His Vice President, former Senator Jose Sarney, became President upon Neves' death. Brazil completed its transition to a popularly elected government in 1989, when Fernando Collor de Mello won 53% of the vote in the first direct presidential election in 29 years. In 1992, a major corruption scandal led to his impeachment and ultimate resignation. Vice President Itamar Franco took his place and governed for the remainder of Collor's term culminating in the October 3, 1994 presidential elections, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was elected President with 54% of the vote. Cardoso took office January 1, 1995, and pursued a program of ambitious economic reform. He was re-elected in October 1998 for a second four-year term. Luiz Inacio da Silva, commonly known as Lula, was elected president in 2002, after his fourth campaign for the office.

At the same time, an electoral college consisting of all members of congress and six delegates chosen from each state continued to choose the president. In January 1985, the electoral college voted Tancredo Neves from the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) into office as president. However, Neves became ill in March and died a month later. His Vice President, former Senator Jose Sarney, became president upon Neves' death. Brazil completed its transition to a popularly elected government in 1989, when Fernando Collor de Mello won 53% of the vote in the first direct presidential election in 29 years. In 1992, a major corruption scandal led to his impeachment and ultimate resignation. Vice President Itamar Franco took his place and governed for the remainder of Collor's term culminating in the October 3, 1994 presidential elections, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was elected president with 54% of the vote. Cardoso took office January 1, 1995, and pursued a program of ambitious economic reform. He was re-elected in October 1998 for a second four-year term. Luiz Inacio da Silva, commonly known as Lula, was elected president in 2002, after his fourth campaign for the office.

[[File:Lula da Silva.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|Lula da Silva.]]

[[File:Lula da Silva.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|Lula da Silva.]]

[[File:Bolsonaro and his wife in Brasil's Bicentennial Military Parade.jpeg|350px|thumbnail|Bolsonaro and his wife in Brasil's Bicentennial Military Parade on 2022.]]

[[File:Bolsonaro and his wife in Brasil's Bicentennial Military Parade.jpeg|350px|thumbnail|Bolsonaro and his wife in Brasil's Bicentennial Military Parade on 2022.]]

Brazil has seen a growing [[conservative]] and [[evangelical]] movement.<ref>Pearson, Samantha (April 8, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-turns-rightward-heralding-new-chapter-for-latin-america-1523216901 Brazil Turns Rightward, Heralding New Chapter for Latin America]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved April 9, 2018.</ref> In 2018, Brazil ended 15 years of Marxist rule by electing [[Jair Bolsonaro]], a strong conservative and nationalist, as president. Brazil was an economic success having deflation while other countries had the opposite. Security grew under the conservative president, Bolsonaro is a great defender of economic and social freedom, he stopped the Sao Paulo Forum, recovered Brazilian national pride and personal gun registration soared almost 500% under Bolsonaro's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220629-registro-de-armas-personales-se-dispar%C3%B3-casi-500-bajo-gobierno-de-bolsonaro|title=Registro de armas personales se disparó casi 500% bajo gobierno de Bolsonaro|language=es|publisher=France 24|date=June 29 2022}}</ref> He also was defiant against COVID-19 restrictions and vaccine, questioning the use of masks, the vaccines, even delaying the purchase of them. He said "Now everything is a pandemic, we have to end it. I'm sorry for the dead, I'm sorry. We will all die one day. There's no use trying to run away from it. We have to stop being a country of f*gg*ts (...) Face this bare-chested, fight"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-11-11/jair-bolsonaro-tenemos-que-dejar-de-ser-un-pais-de-maricas.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro: “Tenemos que dejar de ser un país de maricas”|publisher=El País|date=November 11, 2020|language=es}}</ref> He also said that if he gets COVID would be only a "gripezinha" (small cold).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-55107536|language=pt|date=November 27, 2022|title=2 momentos em que Bolsonaro chamou covid-19 de 'gripezinha', o que agora nega}}</ref> He defended Brazilian sovereignty over the most of the Amazon against globalists like Leonardo Di Caprio and Emmanuel Macron that wanted to globalize the region. The Bicentennial of the Independence of Brazil happen during Bolsonaro's government.  

Brazil has seen a growing [[conservative]] and [[evangelical]] movement.<ref>Pearson, Samantha (April 8, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-turns-rightward-heralding-new-chapter-for-latin-america-1523216901 Brazil Turns Rightward, Heralding New Chapter for Latin America]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved April 9, 2018.</ref> In 2018, Brazil ended 15 years of Marxist rule by electing [[Jair Bolsonaro]], a strong conservative and nationalist, as president. Brazil was an economic success having deflation while other countries had the opposite. Security grew under the conservative president, Bolsonaro is a great defender of economic and social freedom, he stopped the São Paulo Forum, recovered Brazilian national pride and personal gun registration soared almost 500% under Bolsonaro's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220629-registro-de-armas-personales-se-dispar%C3%B3-casi-500-bajo-gobierno-de-bolsonaro|title=Registro de armas personales se disparó casi 500% bajo gobierno de Bolsonaro|language=es|publisher=France 24|date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> He also was defiant against COVID-19 restrictions and vaccine, questioning the use of masks, the vaccines, even delaying the purchase of them. He said "Now everything is a pandemic, we have to end it. I'm sorry for the dead, I'm sorry. We will all die one day. There's no use trying to run away from it. We have to stop being a country of f*gg*ts (...) Face this bare-chested, fight"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-11-11/jair-bolsonaro-tenemos-que-dejar-de-ser-un-pais-de-maricas.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro: "Tenemos que dejar de ser un país de maricas"|publisher=El País|date=November 11, 2020|language=es}}</ref> He also said that if he gets COVID would be only a "gripezinha" (small cold).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-55107536|language=pt|date=November 27, 2022|title=2 momentos em que Bolsonaro chamou covid-19 de 'gripezinha', o que agora nega}}</ref> He defended Brazilian sovereignty over the most of the Amazon against globalists like Leonardo DiCaprio and Emmanuel Macron that wanted to globalize the region. The Bicentennial of the Independence of Brazil happen during Bolsonaro's government.  

[[File:Jair Bolsonaro official photo.jpg|thumbnail|240px|Former President Jair Messias Bolsonaro]]

[[File:Jair Bolsonaro official photo.jpg|thumbnail|240px|Former President Jair Messias Bolsonaro]]

In the [[Brazil presidential election, 2022|2022 elections]], Bolsonaro's coalition won the biggest right-wing conservative majority in the history of Brazil. The presidential election consisted in two rounds, in which in both Bolsonaro started winning and in the end it was changed in favor of Lula (the North of Brazil starts counting later, and its mostly leftist). Brazil has an electronic voting systems, the President tried to change it but the political system stopped the reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-08-11/bolsonaro-sufre-una-gran-derrota-politica-al-rechazar-el-congreso-su-propuesta-para-cambiar-el-sistema-de-voto.html|title=Bolsonaro sufre una gran derrota política al rechazar el Congreso su propuesta para cambiar el sistema de voto|language=es|publisher=El País|date=August 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/congreso-frena-planes-de-bolsonaro-de-abandonar-el-voto-electronico|title=Congreso frena planes de Bolsonaro de abandonar el voto electrónico|date=August 11, 2022|language=es|publisher=BN América}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/camara-enterra-voto-impresso-e-derrota-jair-bolsonaro/|title=Câmara enterra voto impresso e derrota Jair Bolsonaro|publisher=Poder 360|date=Augusto 10, 2022|language=pt}}</ref> The Supreme Electoral Court censored (in colaboration with [[Big Tech]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2020/noticia/2020/09/30/tse-lanca-parceria-com-whatsapp-para-coibir-disparos-em-massa-nas-eleicoes.ghtml|publisher=Globo|title=TSE lança parceria com redes sociais contra desinformação durante a campanha eleitoral|date=September 30, 2022|language=pt}}</ref> a lot of posts in support of President Bolsonaro in Social Media, alleging "Fake News" against Lula when calling him corrupt. The main counterweight to the power of President Jair Bolsonaro was the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panampost.com/oriana-rivas/2022/10/21/censura-en-brasil-corrupto-lula/|publisher=Panam Post|title=Censura en Brasil estaría yendo «muy lejos»: prohibido llamar «corrupto» a Lula|date=October 21, 2022|language=es}}</ref> The Supreme Electoral Court President, Alexandre de Morães, ordered the arrest of a conservative congressman, Daniel Silveira, center, after Silveira criticized Morães and other court judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2022/09/26/espanol/brasil-bolsonaro-supremo-tribunal.html|title=¿El máximo tribunal de Brasil se extralimita en su defensa de la democracia?|publisher=The New York Times|date=September 26, 2022|language=es}}</ref>

In the [[Brazil presidential election, 2022|2022 elections]], Bolsonaro's coalition won the biggest right-wing conservative majority in the history of Brazil. The presidential election consisted in two rounds, in which in both Bolsonaro started winning and in the end it was changed in favor of Lula (the North of Brazil starts counting later, and its mostly leftist). Brazil has an electronic voting systems, the President tried to change it but the political system stopped the reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-08-11/bolsonaro-sufre-una-gran-derrota-politica-al-rechazar-el-congreso-su-propuesta-para-cambiar-el-sistema-de-voto.html|title=Bolsonaro sufre una gran derrota política al rechazar el Congreso su propuesta para cambiar el sistema de voto|language=es|publisher=El País|date=August 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/congreso-frena-planes-de-bolsonaro-de-abandonar-el-voto-electronico|title=Congreso frena planes de Bolsonaro de abandonar el voto electrónico|date=August 11, 2022|language=es|publisher=BN América}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/camara-enterra-voto-impresso-e-derrota-jair-bolsonaro/|title=Câmara enterra voto impresso e derrota Jair Bolsonaro|publisher=Poder 360|date=Augusto 10, 2022|language=pt}}</ref> The Supreme Electoral Court censored (in collaboration with [[Big Tech]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2020/noticia/2020/09/30/tse-lanca-parceria-com-whatsapp-para-coibir-disparos-em-massa-nas-eleicoes.ghtml|publisher=Globo|title=TSE lança parceria com redes sociais contra desinformação durante a campanha eleitoral|date=September 30, 2022|language=pt}}</ref> a lot of posts in support of President Bolsonaro in Social Media, alleging "Fake News" against Lula when calling him corrupt. The main counterweight to the power of President Jair Bolsonaro was the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panampost.com/oriana-rivas/2022/10/21/censura-en-brasil-corrupto-lula/|publisher=Panam Post|title=Censura en Brasil estaría yendo "muy lejos": prohibido llamar "corrupto" a Lula|date=October 21, 2022|language=es}}</ref> The Supreme Electoral Court President, Alexandre de Morães, ordered the arrest of a conservative congressman, Daniel Silveira, center, after Silveira criticized Morães and other court judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2022/09/26/espanol/brasil-bolsonaro-supremo-tribunal.html|title=¿El máximo tribunal de Brasil se extralimita en su defensa de la democracia?|publisher=The New York Times|date=September 26, 2022|language=es}}</ref>

After the media declared Lula the winner, Bolsonaro went silent for two days and truckers went on strike on 18 states and more than 26 highways<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radio.uchile.cl/2022/11/01/aumenta-tension-en-brasil-mientras-bolsonaro-calla-camioneros-cortan-26-carreteras-durante-mas-de-12-horas/|title=Aumenta tensión en Brasil: Mientras Bolsonaro calla, camioneros cortan 26 carreteras durante más de 12 horas|publisher=Diario U de Chile|date=November 1, 2022|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtnkK4bkOC0|title=Insurrection in Brazil. 18 states block roads. Election results contested by Bolsonaro's supporters.|date=October 31, 2022|publisher=

After the media declared Lula the winner, Bolsonaro went silent for two days and truckers went on strike on 18 states and more than 26 highways<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radio.uchile.cl/2022/11/01/aumenta-tension-en-brasil-mientras-bolsonaro-calla-camioneros-cortan-26-carreteras-durante-mas-de-12-horas/|title=Aumenta tensión en Brasil: Mientras Bolsonaro calla, camioneros cortan 26 carreteras durante más de 12 horas|publisher=Diario U de Chile|date=November 1, 2022|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtnkK4bkOC0|title=Insurrection in Brazil. 18 states block roads. Election results contested by Bolsonaro's supporters.|date=October 31, 2022|publisher=

|-

|-

|39. [[Lula da Silva]]

|39. [[Lula da Silva]]

|2023-present

|2023–present

|Pernambuco

|Pernambuco

|[[Worker's Party|Worker's]]

|[[Worker's Party|Worker's]]