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→Atheism and alcoholism
'''Medications''' are often used to discourage alcohol use. ''Antabuse'' (disulfiram) interrupts the metabolization of alcohol, increasing the amount of [[acetaldehyde]] in the body and leading to substantial hangover symptoms shortly after drinking and discouraging those who have taken the medication from drinking. ''Naltrexone'' is a medication that binds to opioid receptors in the brain, decreasing alcohol cravings and promoting abstinence.
'''Medications''' are often used to discourage alcohol use. ''Antabuse'' (disulfiram) interrupts the metabolization of alcohol, increasing the amount of [[acetaldehyde]] in the body and leading to substantial hangover symptoms shortly after drinking and discouraging those who have taken the medication from drinking. ''Naltrexone'' is a medication that binds to opioid receptors in the brain, decreasing alcohol cravings and promoting abstinence.
== The negative effects of alcohol use on an individual’s personality ==
[[File:Alcohol abuse.jpg|right|251px|thumbnail||Alterations in four of the “Big Five” personality traits are linked to problematic alcohol use.<ref>[https://www.jwatch.org/na46402/2018/04/02/alcohol-use-adults-may-lead-detrimental-personality ''Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes''] by Claire Wilcox, MD</ref>]]
The article ''Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes'' by Claire Wilcox, MD states:
{{Cquote|Alterations in four of the “Big Five” personality traits are linked to problematic alcohol use.
Personality traits have been shown to contribute to problematic drinking; in some studies, higher extraversion, lower conscientiousness, lower agreeableness, and lower openness have predicted later greater alcohol use. However, the opposite is possible, as higher alcohol consumption in adolescents and young adults has been shown to predict higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness. To learn whether alcohol use in adults predicts later changes in personality traits, researchers pooled data on 39,722 respondents from six longitudinal surveys conducted in Germany, Australia, and the U.S. (mean age, 52; 54% women).
Analyses adjusted for baseline personality trait score, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and the length of follow-up time. The four self-reported alcohol use variables at baseline (high average alcohol consumption, binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, and risky alcohol use [i.e., any of the other three variables]) predicted lower agreeableness and conscientiousness at follow-up (mean, 5.6 years). In addition, all baseline variables except alcohol consumption predicted lower emotional stability. Baseline risky drinking and high consumption predicted higher extraversion.
These results highlight the possibility of a vicious cycle, in which alcohol contributes to harmful personality change, which then contributes to greater drinking.<ref>[https://www.jwatch.org/na46402/2018/04/02/alcohol-use-adults-may-lead-detrimental-personality ''Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes''] by Claire Wilcox, MD</ref>}}
Northbound Treatment, which offers alcohol and drug treatment, has multiple locations throughout California. Northbound Treatment has an article entitled [https://www.northboundtreatment.com/blog/common-alcoholic-personality-traits-changes/ Common Alcoholic Personality Traits & Changes] which discusses the short and long terms effects of excessive drinking effects on an individuals personality.
Psych Central features an article [https://psychcentral.com/addictions/what-happens-to-your-specific-personality-when-drinking#impact-on-personality Does Drinking Alcohol Change Your Personality?] which offers information on how alcohol affects brain function.
The journal article ''Are Changes in Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Associated? A Cohort Study Among Young Swiss Men'' published in the journal ''Frontiers in Psychiatry'' noted:
{{Cquote|Results: Aggression–hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability were significantly and positively cross-sectionally associated with both alcohol use variables. Drinking volume and these three personality traits bidirectionally predicted each other. Binge drinking was bidirectionally associated with sensation-seeking only, whereas aggression–hostility and sociability only predicted binge drinking, but not vice versa. Changes in alcohol use were significantly positively associated with changes in aggression–hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability. Associations reached small Cohen's effect sizes for sociability and sensation seeking, but not for aggression–hostility. Associations with neuroticism–anxiety were mostly not significant.
Conclusion: The direction of effects confirmed findings from other studies, and the association between changes in personality and alcohol use support the idea that prevention programs should simultaneously target both.<ref>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591003/full ''Are Changes in Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Associated? A Cohort Study Among Young Swiss Men''] by Gerhard Gmel1, Simon Marmet1, Joseph Studer and Matthias Wicki, ''Frontiers in Psychiatry'', 23 December 2020, Sec. Addictive Disorders, Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591003</ref>}}
According to the journal article ''Alcohol use and personality change in middle and older adulthood'' published in the journal the ''Journal of Personalized Medicine'': "Findings from the Health and Retirement Study Latent difference score models indicated decreases in extraversion to be attenuated for individuals categorized as light-to-moderate drinkers at baseline, while decreases in conscientiousness were accentuated by having experienced alcohol dependence symptoms. Moreover, personality difference scores correlated with changes in the amount of alcohol consumed at follow-up."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054906/ ''Alcohol use and personality change in middle and older adulthood''], ''Journal of Personalized Medicine'', 2018 Dec; 86(6): 1003–1016. Published online 2018 Feb 14. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12371</ref>
== Atheism and alcoholism ==
== Atheism and alcoholism ==